Phrases and clauses of confession, cause or reason; connectors / connectives (The grammar of the unit 6, 7, 8)

PHRASES AND CLAUSES OF CONFESSION, CAUSE OR REASON; CONNECTORS / CONNECTIVES
( The grammar of the unit 6, 7, 8 )
Cách biến đổi từ
Because / although / though  ó Because of / In spite of / despite
A. Nguyên tắc chung cần nhớ là :
Ÿ Clauses and phrases of concession:
ØAlthough/ Even though/ though/even if/ in spite of the fact that/ Despite of the fact that + MỆNH ĐỀ
ØDespite / in spite of/ regardless of + CỤM TỪ ( noun phrase/ V-ing phrase)
ØADJ/ ADV/ N + though/ as + MỆNH ĐỀ
Ex: 
Although/ even though/ though he took a taxi, Bill still arrived late for the concert.
I’m no better despite the fact that I’ve taken the pills 
Despite / in spite of being a millionaire, Henry’s friend hates spending money.
ØBecause/ since/ as/ for/ seeing that/ in that / inas much as/ now (that) = because of the fact that/ due to the fact that + MỆNH ĐỀ
ØBecause of/ due to/ owing to/ thank to + CỤM TỪ ( noun phrase/ V-ing phrase)
 Ex: 
Because/ since/ as pollution is something that other folk do, we’re just enjoying our day.
Unfortunately my company does not produce recycle paper since/ because/ as it is more expensive to make than regular paper.
Các công thức biến đổi từ mệnh đề sang cụm từ như sau:
1.Noun + be + adj àThe/ (her, his, their) + adj+ Noun
2.Pronoun + be + adj àThe/ (her, his, their) + Noun (of the adj )
3. Pronoun + verb + (adv)àThe/ (her, his, their) + Adj (of the adv) + Noun (of the verb)
4. Pronoun + verb + (O) àV-ing (same Subject)
5.There be + Noun à The + Noun
. ( Clauses and phrases of reason /concession )
Adjective D Noun
 Tired š Tiredness
 Sick š Sickness
 Ill š Illness
 Late š Lateness
Kind š Kindness
Lazy š Laziness
Sad š Sadness
Dark š Darkness
Adjective D Noun
Important š Importance
 Different š Difference
 Absent š Absence
 Honest š Honesty
 Difficult š Difficulty
 Poor š Poverty
 Noisy š The noise
 Invent š The invention of
1) Nếu chủ từ 2 mệnh đề giống nhau:
Pronoun + verb + (O) àV-ing (same Subject)
- Bỏ chủ từ ,động từ thêm ING .
Although Tom got up late, he got to school on time.
=> Despite / in spite of getting up late, Tom got to school on time.
2) Nếu chủ từ là danh từ + be + tính từ
.Noun + be + adj àThe/ (her, his, their) + adj+ Noun
- Đem tính từ đặt trước danh từ, bỏ to be
Although the rain is heavy,.......
=> Despite / in spite of the heavy rain, ......
3) Nếu chủ từ là đại từ + be + tính từ :
Pronoun + be + adj àThe/ (her, his, their) + Noun (of the adj )
- Đổi đại từ thành sỡ hữu, đổi tính từ thành danh từ ,bỏ be
Although He was sick,........
=> Despite / in spite of his sickness,.......
4) Nếu chủ từ là đại từ + động từ + trạng từ
Pronoun + verb + (adv) àThe/ (her, his, their) + Adj (of the adv) + Noun (of the verb)
- Đổi đại từ thành sở hữu, động từ thành danh từ ,trạng từ thành tính từ đặt trước danh từ
Although He behaved impolitely,.....
=> Despite / in spite of his impolite behavior ,.........
5) Nếu câu có dạng : there be + danh từ
There be + Noun à The + Noun
- Thì bỏ there be
Although there was an accident ,.....
=> Despite / in spite of an accident,......
6) Nếu câu có dạng : It (be) + tính từ về thời tiết
Đổi tính từ thành danh từ thêm the phía trước.
Although it was rainy, .....
=> Despite / in spite of the rain, .
Các tính từ và danh từ thường gặp trong mẫu này là:
Foggy => fog ( sương mù )
Snowy => snow (tuyết)
Rainy => rain (mưa)
Stormy => storm ( bão)
7) Nếu câu có dạng: Danh từ + (be) + p.p ( câu bị động)
=> Đổi p.p thành danh từ, thêm the phía trước và of phía sau,
danh từ câu trên đem xuống để sau of
Although television was invented, .....
=> Despite / in spite of the invention of television, .
8 ) The fact that trước mệnh đề.
Although he behaved impolitely, .....
=> Despite / in spite of the fact that he behaved impolitely,.....
- Áp dụng cho biến đổi từ BECAUSE àBECAUSE OF
B. Co-ordinating conjuctions ( Liên từ kết hợp )
1. Nhóm AND: chỉ sự thêm vào (addition)
a. hai mệnh đề được kết hợp bởi: and, as well as, both  and, not only  but also/ as well.
Ex: Both she and her sister now live in New Orleans.
He is handsome and rich.
He is lazy as well as dirty.
b. hai mệnh đề có thể được tách ra, các liên từ là: moreover, furthermore, what is more, in addition, besides, also, again,
Ex: Uncle ho is a great leader; moreover, he is a great poet.
Arlene Black has a yacht and a helicopter. In addition, she has five cars.
2. Nhóm BUT: chỉ sự tương phản (contrast). Các liên từ là: but, still, however, whereas, while, yet, nevertheless, nonetheless, on the other hand, on the contrary, only, for all that.
Ex: The door is very old; nevertheless, it is very strong.
He is rich; however, he is not happy.
Tom works hard, but he can not buy a house
3. Nhóm OR: chỉ sự lựa chọn hoặc thay thế (choice).
a. or, either  or, whether  or và neither nor nối các từ , mệnh đề hoặc cụm từ
Ex: Either you or he is wrong.
Neither you nor she is right.
b. or else và otherwise nối các mệnh đề
Ex: You’d better hurry, or (else) you’ll be late.
Take your umbrella, or (else) you’ll get wet.
I always eat breakfast. Otherwise, I get hungry during class.
4. Nhóm SO: chỉ hệ quả (consequence). Các liên từ là: so, therefore, for, thus, hence, consequently, accordingly, as a result 
Ex: The mouse died in the corner two days ago. Therefore, it smells rotten.
He was lazy; as a result, he failed the examination.
Ann didn’t study. Consequently, she failed the test.
I. Complete the sentences with because/ because of/ although/ in spite of.
1.We delayed our trip _______ the bad weather.
2. Sue’s eyes were red _______ she had been crying.
3. My mother is always complaining ________ the untidiness of my room.
4. The water in most river is unsafe to drink _______ it’s polluted.
5. The trees were bend over ________ the wind.
6. You can’t enter this secure areas ________ you don’t have an official permit.
7. It’s unsafe to travel in that country _______ the ongoing civil war.
8. Several people in the crowd became ill and fainted _______ the extreme heat.
9. Mark didn’t go to work yesterday ________ he didn’t feel well
10. We couldn’t get into the disco ________ the enormous crowd.
11 . _______ it rained a lot, we enjoyed our holiday.
12. Daniel forgot his passport ________ having it in his list.
13. I couldn’t get to sleep _______ the noise.
14. _______ I had nothing for lunch but an apple, I ate dinner early.
15. A lot of things went wrong ________ all our careful plans.
16. She wasn’t wearing a coat ________ it was quite cold.
17. He only accepted the job ________ the salary, which was very high.
18. I went home early ________ I was feeling unwell.
19. ________ I knew the truth, I decided not to tell them.
20. The villagers refused to leave ________ the drought.
21. We decided not to go out for a meal _________ we were simply too tired.
22. Have you really got no money ________ the fact that you’ve had a job?
23. Sarah can’t climb up the tree _______ her fear of heights.
24. Matthew looked quite fresh, ________ he’d been playing squash.
25. _______ his age, john was not hired ________ he had the necessary qualifications.
Key: because:2, 4, 6, 9, 14, 18, 21/ because of: 1, 3, 5, 7, 8, 10, 13, 17, 23, 25 (1)/ although: 11, 16, 19, 24, 25(2) / in spite of: 12, 15, 20, 22, 
II. Match the two halves of the sentence. Then write the full sentence, using the word in brackets. Add commas where necessary.
A
B
1. yesterday was a public day
2. we didn’t want to wake anybody up
3. we didn’t know what time it was
4. it was a nice day
5. the door was open
6. you paid for the theater tickets
7. oil is an irreplaceable natural resource
8. we didn’t see Lisa for a long time.
9. Lilian was late for work
10. Sonia was tired
11. Eve had an attractive personality
12. mother had burnt the dinner
13. it’s a really useful book
14. Ellie hadn’t fully recovered yet
15. all the students had done poorly on the test
she was very popular. (since)
we ate out. (as)
it explains everything very clearly. (because)
none of us had a watch. (because)
the teacher decided to give it again. (since)
she missed the bus. (because)
we went for a walk by the sea. (as)
We didn’t recognize her. (because)
we must do whatever we can to conserve it. (since)
we came in very quietly. (as)
she felt weak. (because)
we didn’t have to go to work. (since)
please let me pay for our dinner. (as)
she’d been working very hard. (because)
I walked in. (since)
Key: 
1. Since yesterday was a public day, we didn’t have to go to work.	
2. As we didn’t want to wake anybody up, we came in very quietly
3. We didn’t know what time it was because none of us had a watch. 
4. As it was a nice day, we went for a walk by the sea. 
5. Since the door was open, I walked in.	
6. As you paid for the theater tickets, please let me pay for our dinner. 
7. Since oil is an irreplaceable natural resource, we must do whatever we can to conserve it. 
8. Because we didn’t see Lisa for a long time, We didn’t recognize her.	
9. Lilian was late for work because she’d been working very hard.	
10. Sonia was tired because she missed the bus.	
11. Since Eve had an attractive personality, she was very popular. 
12. As mother had burnt the dinner, we ate out.	
13. It’s a really useful book because it explains everything very clearly. 
14. Because Ellie hadn’t fully recovered yet, she felt weak.	
15. Since all the students had done poorly on the test, the teacher decided to give it again. 
III. Add SO, BUT, THEREFORE, HOWEVER where appropriate
1. The wind was howling outside, _______ it was warm and comfortable indoor. 
2. The highway was under construction, _______ we had to take a different route to work.
3. You could fly via Singapore; _______, this isn’t the only way.
4. There is still much to discuss. We shall, _______ return to this item at our next meeting.
5. It isn’t that he lied exactly, _______ he did tend to exaggerate.
6. I thought the plane would be delayed; ________ , I bought a lot of magazines to read.
7. Jackson was going to study all night, ________ he declined our invitation to dinner.
8. We thought the figures were correct. ________ , we have now discovered some errors.
9. Cars have become much more complicated. ________ , mechanics need more training than in the past.
10. We arrived at the theater late _________ the play had not yet begun. We were quite surprised.
11. Prices have been rising. It is unlikely, ________, that this increase will continue.
12. The bread was old and stale, _______ Martha ate it anyway.
13. The holiday had been a complete disaster. We, _______, decide to fly home early if we could.
14. He failed the exam, _______ he had to do the job he didn’t like.
15. The expedition hoped to climb the mountain by August. _______ bad weather could be a hindrance.
Key: SO: 2, 7, 14; BUT: 1, 5, 10, 12; THEREFORE: 4, 6, 9, 13; HOWEVER: 3, 8, 11, 15
IV. Rewrite the following as one sentence, using and, but, so, or.
1. It was raining. I felt cold. I went indoors. à It was raining and I felt cold so I went indoors.
2. He loves her. She loves him. They are getting married.
3. I can paint the lounge. I can clean the fridge. I can’t do both.
4. Mr Downes seemed poor. In fact, he had a lot of money.
5. Tim is sleeping. You can’t speak to him at the moment.
6. The postman banged the gate. He shouted at Lulu. She bit him.
7. My mother wanted me to become a doctor. I didn’t.
8. Nick didn’t understand the lesson. He couldn’t do the homework. 
9. A bee flew into the classroom this morning. It stung me.
10. You mustn’t put this in the washing machine. You must wash it by hand. You must dry-clean it.
11. We lay in the sun. We got hot. We swam. We cooled off.
12. Louis broke her watch. Then she borrowed mine.
13. We might go to Spain. We might go to France.
14. Mike could speak French. He could speak Spanish. He couldn’t write them.
15. We went to the museum. It was closed. We went to the cinema.
V. Put in these word: although, because, but, if, in case, in order to, in spite of, so, so that, unless
1. Olivia booked a babysitter _______ she could go out for the evening.
2. ________ it was late, Nick didn’t seem in a hurry to leave.
3. They put video cameras in shops _______ stop people stealing things.
4. We decided not to go out for a meal ______ we were simply too tired.
5. Our room was very small, ________ we didn’t really mind.
6. _______ you’re ready, we can start now.
7. No one was watching the television, ________ I switched it off.
8. You can’t drive a car _______ you’ve got a licence.
9. ________ having absolutely no talent, Guy became a popular TV personality and chat show host.
10 . I think my answers are right, but can I just check them with yours _______ I’ve made a mistake?
Key: 2- although, 4- because, 5- but, 6- if, 10- in case, 3- in order to, 9- in spite of, 7- so, 1- so that, 8- unless
VI. Complete these two paragraph
A. Put in : also, but, despite, or, that, therefore.
CAR PROBLEMS
I was having a lot of problems with my car. The engine kept cutting out, and I (1) _______ has trouble starting it. I got so fed up with it (2) _______ I took it to a garage. They told me it was going to cost hundreds of pounds to repair, (3) _______ unfortunately I didn’t have the money, and I (4) _______ decided to get rid of the car (5) _______ needing it for work. Now I get the bus to work (6) _______ a colleague gives me a lift.
Key : 1- also, 3- but, 5- despite, 6- or, 2- that, 4- therefore
B. Put in : alternatively, as a result of, consequently, furthermore, in spite of, on top of.
UNIVERSITY STUDENTS
(7) _______ their aim to get more young people into universities, the government has put financial difficulties in their way. Nowadays most students get a loan instead of grant, and some have to pay tuition fees (8) ________ that. (9) _______, many of them run up huge debts, or (10) ________ their parents have to support them. (11) _______ these obstacles, some school leavers are discouraged from applying to go to university. (12) _______, an increasing number are dropping out before completing the course.
Key : 10- alternatively, 11- as a result of, 9- consequently, 12- furthermore, 7- in spite of,8- on top of
VII. Underlined the correct alternative 
1. Your essay is badly organized and full of spelling mistakes. Though / Nevertheless, it contains some very interesting ideas.
2. To the east the trees were left standing, while / in contrast to the west they were cut down.
3. I felt guilty about leaving the company even so / even though I knew I had made the right decision.
4. The graphics in that new computer game I bought are quite good. Even though / even so, I soon got bored with playing it.
5. He was refused entry to the country. Though / instead he was forced to return to Spain.
6. Herbs are usually grown in temperate climates, whereas / on the other hand spices are mainly from tropical areas.
7. We are short of money so / as a consequence we had to spend the night on a park bench.
8. I understand your point of view. However,/ although I don’t agree with it.
9. I turned the ignition, but the car refused to start. As / meanwhile the lions were getting ever closer.
10. Modern farming methods have destroyed the habitat of many birds. As a result / so that their numbers are in decline.
11. He has lived next door to us for years, yet/ however we hardly ever see him.
12. The building was extreme well constructed and, consequently / furthermore, difficult to demolish.
13. The company has spent millions on computers. Nevertheless / As a result, it does not seem to have become more efficient.
14. There is fog at Heathrow; the plane, however / therefore, has been diverted.
15. I know traveling by bus takes longer than flying, but / however it will be more interesting.
VIII. Choose items from (i) and from (ii) to complete these sentences in an appropriate way. Note the punctuation at the ends of the sentences and phrases already given 
i
as a result
so that
otherwise
furthermore
yet
meanwhile
by contrast
though
while
for one thing
ii
his face seemed familiar
the volcano continues to erupt
everybody had their fair share
he had not even contacted her
it’s too expensive
the street was deserted
we were on holiday
the worker had to be sent home
Cuba has increased production by 35%
the acting was superb
1. The world output of sugar has been in slow decline since 1984. ________ 
2. The story told in the film was predictable, _______
3. There was no heating in the building. _________
4. Martha cut the cake carefully into slices ________
5. A small boy was kicking a ball against a wall; __________
6. I couldn’t remember meeting him before, _________
7. A mass evacuation of islanders is taking place. ________
8. “ why don’t you like that new French restaurant?” ________ 
9. Karen came down with flu ________ 
10. He said he had discussed the matter with her
Key: 
1. . By contrast, Cuba has increased production by 35%.
2. , though the acting was superb
3.  . As a result, the worker had to be sent home
4.  so that everybody had their fair share
5. ; otherwise, the street was deserted
6. Yet his face seemed familiar
7. . Meanwhile, the volcano continues to erupt
8. For one thing, it’s too expensive 
9.  while we were on holiday
10.  .Furthermore, he had not even contacted her
IX. Join each pair of sentences. Use the words in brackets.
1. Mary came to class late. Her motorbike had a puncture. (because)
2. Nick used to smoke. He seems to be in good heath. (although)
3. Our team won by a large margin. No one thought we would win the championship. (but)
4. I could not see his face clearly. He was standing in the shadow. (so)
5. We couldn’t get tickets. We queued for an hour. (in spite of)
6. The man spoke very slowly. He wanted me to understand what he said. (so that)
7. She earned her living by selling newspaper. She got a B.A. degree. (even though)
8. Our flight was delay. We decided to take a long walk around the terminal. (since)
9. I enjoyed the film. The story was silly. (in spite of)
10. We live in the same street. We hardly ever see each other. (despite)
11. My foot was injured. I managed to walk to the nearest village. (although)
12. They have very little money. They are happy. (in spite of)
13. I got very wet in the rain. I had an umbrella. (even though)
14. I couldn’t sleep. I was tired. (despite)
15. He liked the sweater. He decided not to buy it. (though)
16. I didn’t get the job. I had all the necessary qualifications. (on spite of)
17. I had turn on the air conditioner. It was still hot in the room. (even though)
18. Laura wants to fly. She feels afraid. ( in spite of the fact that)
19. Trevor didn’t notice the sign. It was right in front of him. (even though)
20. I’m no better. I’ve taken the pills. (despite the fact)
21. Matthew doesn’t know any French. It was one of his school subjects. (though)
22. Henry’s friend is a millionaire. He hates spending money. (despite)
23. I’d met her twice before. I didn’t recognize her. (although)
24. Laura felt unwell. She went on working. (in spite of this)
25. I told the absolute truth. No one would believe me. (even though)
26. The good were never delivered. We had received the promise. (despite)
27. We took many pictures although the sky was cloudy. (in spite of)
28. We understand him in spite of his strong accent. (although)
29. Although he is wealthy, he is not spoiled. (despite)
30. Despite a good salary, he was unhappy in his job. (though)
31. In spite of the high prices, my roommates go to the movies every Saturday. (although)
32. Even though she had a poor memory, she told interesting stories to the children. (despite)
33. In spite of their poverty, they are very generous. (although)
34. Though he has been absent frequently, he has managed to pass the test. (despite)
35. In spite of Lee’s Sadness at losing the contest, she managed to smile. (although)
36. My friend ate the chocolate cake even though she was on a diet. (despite )
37. In spite of headache, he enjoyed the film. (although)
38. My sister will take a plane even though she dislikes flying. (in spite of)
39. He isn’t happy although he is very rich. (despite)
40. Even though he got a good job, he was not satisfied. (despite )
41. Although he often tells lies, many people believe him. (despite)
42. Mary didn’t go to school yesterday because she was sick. (because of)
43. She went to bed early because she felt tired . (because of)
44. Margaret stayed at home because her mother was sick. (because of)
45. I couldn’t do the test because it was difficult. (because of)
46. I couldn’t read the letter because it was dark. (because of)
47. I can’t study because it is noisy. (because of)
48. The train come late because it was foggy. (because of)
49. The train was late because the fog was thick. (because of)
50. I can’t sleep because the weather is hot. (because of)
51. All the teacher love him because his conduct is good . (because of)
52. Because there was a traffic accident, I went to school late. (because of)
53. Because there is a shortage of meet, we had to live on beans. (because of)
54. Because there was a lack of water, many trees died rapidly. (because of)
55. Because it was sunny, we decided to go camping. (because of)
56. She walked slowly because her leg was injured. (because of)
57. She didn’t eat much though she was hungry . (despite)
58. He couldn’t solve the problem though he is good at math. (despite)
59. Although it got dark, they continued to work. (in spite of)
60. cars cause pollution but people still want them. (although)
Key: 
1. Mary came to class late because her motorbike had a puncture
2. Although Nick used to smoke, he seems to be in good heath.
3. Our team won by a large margin but no one thought we would win the championship.
4. He was standing in the shadow, so I could not see his face clearly.
5. We couldn’t get tickets in spite of queuing for an hour.
6. The man spoke very slowly so that I could understand what he said.
7. Even though She got a B.A. degree, she earned her living by selling newspaper. 
8. Since our flight was delay, we decided to take a long walk around the terminal.
9. I enjoyed the film in spite of the silly story. 
10. We hardly ever see each other despite living in the same street.
11. Although my foot was injured, I managed to walk to the nearest village.
12. In spite of having very little money. They are happy. 
13. I got very wet in the rain even though I had an umbrella. 
14. I couldn’t sleep despite being tired. 
15. Though he liked the sweater, he decided not to buy it. 
16. I didn’t get the job in spite of having all the necessary qualifications. 
17. It was still hot in the room even though I had turn on the air conditioner.
18. Laura wants to fly in spite of the fact that she feels afraid. 
19. Trevor didn’t notice the sign even though it was right in front of him.
20. I’m no better despite the fact that I’ve taken the pills. 
21. Matthew doesn’t know any French though it was one of his school subjects. 
22. Despite being a millionaire, Henry’s friend hates spending money. 
23. Although I’d met her twice before, I didn’t recognize her. 
24. Laura felt unwell in spite of this she went on working. 
25. Even though I told the absolute truth. No one would believe me. 
26. The good were never delivered despite the promise we had received. 
X. Rewrite these sentences, using because.
1. Due to the cold weather, we stayed home.
2. Most people hear jogging is a good exercise, so they begin to jog.
3. People like to live in this country because of its healthy climate.
4. A computer can be used for various purposes, so it becomes very popular nowadays.
5. Stacey retired in 1987, partly because of ill health.
6. We were late for the meeting due to the heavy traffic.
7. Harry had to stay in hospital because of his broken leg.
8. Our leader couldn’t attend the meeting, so it was canceled.
9. The young couple decided not to buy the house because of its dilapidated condition.
10. I always enjoyed mathematics in high school, so I decided to major in it in college.
Key: 
1. Because the weather was cold, we stayed home.
2. Most people begin to jog because they hear jogging is a good exercise.
3. People like to live in this country because its climate is healthy.
4. A computer becomes very popular nowadays because it can be used for various purposes.
5. Stacey retired in 1987, partly because his health was ill.
6. We were late for the meeting because the traffic was heavy.
7. Harry had to stay in hospital because he broke his leg.
8. Because our leader couldn’t attend the meeting, it was canceled.
9. The young couple decided not to buy the house because it was in dilapidated condition.
10. Because I always enjoyed mathematics in high school, I decided to major in it in college.
XI. Change clause of reason to phrase of reason.
1. Jim had to give up jogging because he had sprained his ankle severely.
2. The water in most rivers is unsafe to drink because it’s polluted.
3. We had to stay in London an extra day because it was foggy at the airport.
4. Bill has to do all of the cooking and cleaning because his wife is ill.
5. We all have received the best of everything because our parents are generous.
6. I couldn’t get to sleep last night because it was noisy in the next apartment.
7. John has to sit in the front row in class because he has poor eyesight.
8. We stopped our car because the traffic lights turned red.
9. She couldn’t see the road because the wall was too high.
10. We postponed our trip because the driving conditions were bad.
11. Sarah will not walk across a bridge because she’s afraid of heights.
12. Mark’s doctor has advised him to exercise regularly because he is overweight.
13. Piranhas can devour an entire cow in several minutes because their teeth are extremely sharp.
14. Most students couldn’t do the final exam because it was extremely difficult.
15. John succeeded in his exam because he worked hard and methodically.
Key: 
1. Jim had to give up jogging because of his severely sprained ankle.
2. The water in most rivers is unsafe to drink because of its pollution.
3. We had to stay in London an extra day because of the fog at the airport.
4. Bill has to do all of the cooking and cleaning because of his wife’s illness.
5. We all have received the best of everything because of our parents’ generosity.
6. I couldn’t get to sleep last night because of the noise in the next apartment.
7. John has to sit in the front row in class because of his poor eyesight.
8. We stopped our car because of the red traffic lights.
9. She couldn’t see the road because of the high wall.
10. We postponed our trip because of the bad driving conditions.
11. Sarah will not walk across a bridge because of her fear of heights.
12. Mark’s doctor has advised him to exercise regularly because of his overweight.
13. Piranhas can devour an entire cow in several minutes because of their extremely sharp.
teeth. 
14. Most students couldn’t do the final exam because of its difficulty.
15. John succeeded in his exam because of his hard and methodical work.
XII. Multiple choice
1. Her friend lied to her -------------- she still likes and trusts him.
	A. but	B. so	C. therefore	D. however
2. Her friend lied to her ---------------- she doesn’t trust him anymore.
	A. but	B. however	C. so	D. despite
3. I didn’t have an umbrella -------------- I got wet.
	A. but	B. although	C. so	D. however
4. The water was cold -------------------- I went swimming anyway.
	A. so	B. despite	C. therefore	D. but
5. The water was cold -------------------- I didn’t go swimming.
	A. but	B. so	C. although	D. because
6. I didn’t have an umbrella ----------------------- I didn’t get wet because I was wearing a raincoat.
	A. but	B. so	C. therefore	D. despite
7. I understand your point of view. ----------------- I don’t agree with it.
	A. Although	B. However	C. So	D. Therefore
8. Nam didn’t study for the exam, ------------------ Lan did.
	A. however	B. but	C. so	D. therefore
9. It was already 6 p.m., --------------------- we closed the office and went home.
	A. but	B. however	C. so	D. because
10. He worked hard, but / although / however / therefore he could earn much money.
11. The food didn’t look appetizing, but / however / therefore / so many people started eating.
12. My friend and I were tired, however / so / but / though we went home early.
13. We wanted to stay until the end of the game, but / however / despite / because it got too late for us.
14. You could fly via Vienna; but / however / so / therefore it isn’t the only way.
15. They have lived next door to us for years, yet / however / therefore / because we hardly ever see them.
16. The normal pulse for an adult is between 60 and 80 beats per minute, so / however / but / therefore excitement will make a pulse much faster.
17. Many people have law degrees, -------------------.
A. but some of them do not practice it 	 B. however it is not practiced by all
 C. so some are not practicing law 	D. but not all of them practice law
18. Maria tried to read a novel in French ----------------- the book was too difficult for her to understand.
A. so that	 	B. therefore 	 C. but 	D. and
19. I bought a bottle of wine ----------------- we drank it together.
A. therefore 	B. so 	C. and 	D. but
20. The waiter was not very nice, ------------------, the food was delicious.	
A. however 	B. but 	C. so 	D. and so
Most people you meet will be polite to you ________ you are polite to them, too.
	A. because	B. if	C. although	D. whereas
21. ________ you were all sitting at your desks working hard last w