CONDITIONAL SENTENCE (CÂU ĐIỀU KIỆN) Type 1: Real conditional sentences (cõu điều kiện cú thật) If Clause Main Clause If + S + V(simple present) S + Vs/es Be= is, am, are S + will/can/may/must + Vo Main clause :Cú thể là cõu mệnh lệnh Ex: If I have the money, I will be a new car. * Exercise: If you put on the kettle I (make) the tea. If he (go ) on telling lies nobody will believe a word he says. If you come late, they (not let) ..you in. Ih he (be).. late, we’ll go without him. If you (not like) this one, I’ll bring you another. Unless I have a quiet room, I (not able).. to do anything. She won’t open the door unless she (know) ..who it is. I’ll (be) .very angry if he (make) any mistakes. If you (not believe) ..what I say, ask your mother. We’ll have to move upstairs if the river (rise) .any higher. Type 2: Present unreal conditional sentences (cõu điều kiện khụng cú thật ở hiện tại) If Clause Main Clause If + S + Vsimple past (be àwere) S + would/could/ might/ had to + V Ex: I don’t have free time, so we can’t go to the beach with you * Exercises: If he knew that it was dangerous he (not) come. If I (win) .a big prize in a lottery, I’d give up my job. If you slept under a mosquito net you (not be)bitten so often. If you (paint) the wall white, the room would be much brighter. If he worked more slowly, he (not make). so many mistakes. He might get fat if he (stop) smoking. I could get a job easily if I (have).. a degree. He (look ) a lot better if he shaved more often. What. you (do) ..if you found a burglar in your house? He could get a job eacily if he (have) . a degree.. Type 3: Past unreal conditional sentences (cõu điều kiện khụng cú thật ở quỏ khứ) If Clause Main Clause If + S + had + pp(Ved/V3) S + would/could/might + have + P.P (V3/ed) Ex: I didn’t know that you were there, so I didn’t write you a letter. à If I had known that you were there, I would have written you a letter. F Unless = If not Ex: If you don’t work hard, you can’t earn enough money for your living. = Unless you work hard, you can’t earn enough money for your living. G Cõu điều kiện kết hợp loại 2 và loại 3 Ex: 1. If I hadn’t stayed up late last night, I wouldn’t be so tired now. Choose the best answer to complete these following sentences. 1. They _____________ angry if you didn’t visit them. A. would be B. should be C. would D. should 2. What would you do if you _____________ a million dollars? A. win B. won C. had won D. will win 3. What will happen if the air _____________? A. was polluted B. be polluted C. is polluted D. has polluted 4. He wouldn’t have had an accident if he _____________ more carefully. A. drives B. drove C. had driven D. was driving 5. If you _____________ better last night, you wouldn’t have been so tired. A. sleep B. had slept C. was sleeping D. slept 6. If I had noticed him, I _____________ hello to him . A. say B. said C. would say D. would h 8. If I____________ his address, I would give it to you. A know B. would known C. knew D. had known 9. If you____________ time, please write to me. A. have B. had C. have had D. has 10. I shouldn’t go there at night if I ____________ you. A. am B. was C. be D. were 11. If I ____________ get a pole, I will go fishing. A. can B. could C. may D. might 12. If you had the chance, ____________ you go fishing? A. did B. may C. would D. do 13. If you ____________ a choice, which country would you visit? A. have B. had C. have had D. will have 14. Trees won’t grow____________ there is enough water. A. if B. when C. unless D. as 15. ____________ she agreed, you would have done it. A. if B. had C. should D. would 16. If I had taken that English course, I____________ much progress. A. had made B. would have made C. made D. would make 17. If I were in your place, I____________ a trip to England. A. will make B. had made C. would make D. made 18. You ____________disappointed if there ____________no snow for this winter holiday? A. Would be / was B. will be / is C. will be / are D. could be / is 19. If she ____________yesterday, she would come here with us tomorrow night. A. finished it B. finishes it C. had finished it D. has finished it 20. If I ____________for an accounting firm, I would be working in a post-office. A. wasn't working B. worked C. hadn't worked D. weren't working 21. What would you have done if you ____________a lot of money? A. had B. will C. had had D. have had 22. If we had known that you were there, we____________ you a letter. A. would write B. would have write C. would have written D. had written 23. If we had checked the petrol before we started, we ____________here. A. wouldn't stop B. wouldn't have stopped C. would have stopped D. would stop 24. “Did he study yesterday?” “No, but if he _______, he would have done better on today’s test.” A. had B. has C. will study D. had done 25. My sister ____________you the technique of weaving if you ask her. A. would show B. shows C. will show D. showed 26. She would be happy if we ____________her a bunch of flowers. A. had sent B. sent C. would send D. send 27. If you don’t feel well, you_____________ better take a rest. A. are B. would C. had D. have 28. What would you have done if you _____________ a lot of money? A. had B. had had C. have had D. have 29. I’ll be very disappointed if you _____________ the exam. A. don’t pass B. won’t pass C. aren’t passing D. wouldn’t pass 30. If he _____________ harder, the results would be better. A. has worked B. works C. will work D. worked 31. If I had had free time, I _____________ shopping. A. would have gone B. can go C. will go D. will have gone 32. _____________ if you take the map with you. A. You will get lost B. You won’t get lost C. You get lost D. You got lost 33. If you had come to the party, you _____________ her. A. would meet B. had met C. would have met D. met 34. I’m not tired enough to go to bed yet. I wouldn’t sleep if I _____________ to bed now. A. go B. went C. had gone D. would go 35. If I were you, I _____________ that shirt. It’s much too expensive. A. won’t buy B. don’t buy C. am not going to buy D. wouldn’t buy 36. I decided to stay at home last night. I would have gone out if I _____________ so tired . A. wasn’t B. weren’t C. wouldn’t have been D. hadn’t been 37. What will I do if no one _____________ me at the airport? A. meet B. will meet C. meets D. met 38. Jean gets very agitated if her daughter _____________ her once a week. A. doesn't ring B. didn't ring C. not ring D. don't ring 39. If the train is late, we_____________ to the office. A. walk B. will walk C. would walk D. walks 40. She _____________if she has time. A. calls B. would call C. will call D. calling 41. If it _____________too much, I will buy the smaller one. A. costs B. will cost C. would cost D. cost 42. If the class _____________full, we will find another one. A. are B. will be C. were D. is 43. What will we do if the taxi_____________? A. don’t come B. didn’t come C. doesn’t come D. had not come 44. If it snowed this summer, we _____________skiing. A. goes B. will go C. would go D. go 45. If you drove more carefully, you _____________so many accidents. A. would not have B. will not have C. wouldn’t have had D. has 46. If he_____________ up earlier, he’d get to work on time. A. gets B. will get C. got D. had got 47. I would tell you more about it if we _____________more time. A. has B. will have C. have D. had 48. If I _____________you, I wouldn’t worry about going to university. A. am B. be C. were D. had been 49. If you _____________any money, I’d give you some. A. hadn’t had B. haven’t had C. don’t have D. didn’t have 50. You’d earn more money if you _____________more products. A. to sell B. sell C. sold D. will sell Choose the best answer to complete these following sentences. 1. If I _____________so busy yesterday, I would have visited you. A. were not B. wasn’t C. aren’t D. hadn’t been 2. If you had seen the film, you_____________ it. A. will enjoy B. would have enjoyed C. would enjoy D. enjoyed 3. She would have gone to the university if she_____________ the opportunity. A. has B. will have C. had had D. had 4. If he had been more careful, he _____________an accident. A. would not have had B. will not have C. does not have D. would not have 5. If you’d stayed at home, there _____________any trouble. A. would not be B. will not be C. is not D. would not have been 6. What would you do if he_____________ tomorrow? A. resigned B. will resign C. resigns D. to resign 7. I’ll do it if he_____________ me. A. asking B. will ask C. asked D. asks 8. If you_____________ for the car, we’d be able to sell it. A. look B. looks C. looked D. had looked 9. Unless he _____________more, he won’t get much commission. A. sell B. sells C. sold D. selling 10. If he _____________hard today, _____________a holiday tomorrow? A. worked/ can he have B. work/ he can have C. works/ can he have D. had worked/ he can have 11. Ice_____________ into water unless you heat it. A. don’t turn B. doesn’t turn C. would turn D. would have turned 12. If you_____________ this one, I’ll bring you another. A. doesn’t like B. will not like C. don’t like D. didn’t like 13. Unless you _____________ more careful, you _____________an accident. A. are/ will have B. were/ will have C. had been/ would have D. be/ have 14. If I tell you a secret, _____________you promise not to tell it to anyone else? A. would B. did C. will D. have 15. If you _____________what I say, ask your mother. A. not believe B. not to believe C. didn’t believe D. don’t believe 16. Unless I _____________a quiet room, I _____________not be able to do any work. A. had/ will B. have/ will C. has/ would have D. had had/ would have 17. She _____________not open the door unless she _____________who it was. A. will/ knew B. will/ knows C. would/ knew D. does/ knows 18. If I _____________ a typewriter now, I_____________ this contract by myself. A. have/ would type B. have/ will type C. had/ would type D. had had/ would have typed 19. Unless I _____________his address, I’d give it to you. A. didn’t know/ will give B. don’t know/ would have given C. knew/ would give D. know/ will give 20. Unless he worked more slowly, he _____________so many mistakes. A. would make B. will make C. wouldn’t make D. won’t make 21. I wouldn’t drink that wine if I _____________you. A. were B. am C. had been D. be 22. If you _____________your car into the river, you _____________able to get out. A. drive/ weren’t B. drove/ wouldn’t be C. drove/ will be D. drive/ wouldn’t be 23. If you _____________to a union, you couldn’t get a job. A. don’t belong B. are belonging C. had belong D. didn’t belong 24. What _____________ if you found a burglar in your house? A. do you do B. you do C. would you do D. you would do 25. He might get fat unless he _________smoking. A. kept on B. stopped C. accepted D. addicted 26. If you __________someone drowning what would you do? A. see B. seen C. had seen D. saw 27. I___________ ruined her if I bought her everything she asked for. A. were B. will be C. would have been D. would be 28. I___________ a job easily if I __________a degree. A. could get/ have B. can get/ had C. could get/ had D. can get/ had had 29. I’d go and see him more often if he ___________on a bus route. A. lives B. lived C. had lived D. living 30. What would you have done if the lift _____________struck between two floors at that time. A. had got B. got C. gets D. getting 31. I’d climb over the wall if there __________so much broken glass on top of it. A. were B. had been C. are D. is 32. Unless I had known that you were in hospital, I ___________you. A. will visit B. would have visited C. visit D. don’t visit 33. You would have seen my garden at its best if you ___________here last week. A. were B. are C. had been D. be 34. I shouldn’t have believed it if I ___________it with my own eyes. A. had seen B. saw C. hadn’t seen D. didn’t see 35. If I ___________a map, I __________the way to the Post Office. A. had had/ would have lost B. had had/ wouldn’t have lost C. had/ won’t lose D. have/ wouldn’t have 36. If I___________ that you were coming, I’d have baked a cake. A. know B. knew C. had known D. didn’t know PRACTICE EXERCISES Exercise 1: Put the verbs in brackets in to the correct forms: If he (eat)......................................... all that, he will be ill. She could give us some advice if she (be)............................................ here now. What (happen)........................................... if my parachute does not open? The baby (wake) ....................................... up if you spoke louder. If I (know) ..............................................the answer, I would tell you. You (not have).............................. so many accidents if you drove more carefully. If Peter (ask)............................................ me, I’ll help him with all my ability. If she studied harder, she (get)................................................... better grades. If I (be)................................. you, I (tell) ....................................... them the truth. Lee will go to a Disneyland if he (save) enough money. If you (do)........................... as I told you, you (succeed)....................................... I (not go).......................................... to his house unless you go with me. We could have a drink if it............................................. (not be) so late. Please don’t disturb him if he (be).............................................. busy. If ice (be)........................ heavier than water, it (not float).................................... They would be glad if the rain (stop)soon. If she (not get)................. married young, she wouldn’t have had many children. If Jack (come) .to my party, I would have danced with him. It’s too bad Helen isn’t here. If she (be) ..here, she (know) .. what to do. II/ Complete the sentences with the verbs in parentheses. 1. If she (read) __________________in bad light, she’ll ruin her eyes. 2. He’ll be late for the bus if he (not start)________________________ at once. 3. If you have enough time, please (paint) _______________________the chair before you leave. 4. I (accept)___________________ if they invite me to the party. 5. If you come here in Spring, you (have) a chance to go to the village fair. 6. I could understand the French teacher if she (speak) _____________________more slowly. 7. We could go for drive if today (be)_____________________ Sunday. 8. If your mother (buy) _________________that motorcycle for you, will you be happy? 9. We’re going to play tennis this afternoon if it (stop) __________________raining. 10. If he (come)________________, please (tell)_________________ me. 11. If you (go) _____________to Paris, where (you/ stay)___________________? 12. She won’t open the door unless she (know) _________________who it is. 13. If you (must)______________ go abroad now, what (you/ do)___________________? 14. If I ( speak ) two languages last year, I (get)__________________________ a good job. 15. If there (be)_________________ no sunshine, we all (die)_____________________ soon. 16. You shouldn’t believe it if you (not see)______________-__________ it with your own eyes. 17. I (not do)___________________ that if I (be)__________________________ you. 18. What (you/ do)__________________ if you (be)___________________ in my situation? 19. If I finish my research before Friday, I (send) ______________________it to my teacher. 20. I don’t have money now. If I (have) money, I (lend) you some. III/ Complete the sentences with the verbs in parentheses. 1. If I made a promise, I (keep)_______________________ it. 2. If I spoke English, my job (be )_____________ a lot easier. 3. If I (have) ___________ enough money, I would buy a house. 4. If I (be)____________ in your place, I would accept Mr. Anderson’s invitation. 5. If I (be)____________ you, I ( tell)__________ the truth. 6. If I had enough time now, I (write) ___________ to my parents. 7. If we (live)____________ in a town, life would be better. 8. If I won the lottery, I ( give)___________ you half the money. 9. It (be )__________a pity if she married Fred. 10. If I were you, I (help ) __________ him. 11. If I knew his address, I (go)________________ round and see him. 12. If she (study)_______________ harder, she (not fail)________________ her exam like that. 13. If I (can) _________________speak Japanese, I (go)_______________ to Japan next year. 14. If you (continue) ____________to interrupt me, I (not say)___________________ anymore. 15. If you have lost your key, you (have)_________________________ to buy another one. 16. If the medicine (be)________________ good, she (be)____________________ well soon. 17. Jim isn’t at hone right now. If he (be)_________ at home, I (visit)__________________ him. 18. If I (know) _____________that there was a test yesterday, I (study)_______________. 19. If I (see) __________-the movie last night, I (tell) ___________you about it.. 20. If I (understand)_____________________ my problem, I would have asked for your help. EXERCISE : Rewrite the following sentences using If clauses. Model : a/ My brother will have enough money. He will buy a bicycle. đ If my brother has enough money, he will buy a bicycle. b/ She can’t speak English. She won’t apply for the job. đ If she could speak English she would apply for the job. c/ He wasn’t here. He didn’t have a lot of fun. đ If he had been here, he would have had a lot of fun. 1/ She can’t be employed because she doesn’t have a college degree. đ ______________________________________________ 2/ I don’t have enough money. I can’t go on a long holiday this year. đ ______________________________________________ 3/ He is very slow, so we won’t give his such an important task. đ ______________________________________________ 4/ I’ll have to work this Sunday, so I shan’t join your picnic. đ ______________________________________________ 5/ He works overtime to get more money because he has to pay father’s debt. đ ______________________________________________ 6/ City life isn’t enjoyable because everything is very expensive. đ ______________________________________________ 7/ Everything on the earth grows well because the sun always shines. đ ______________________________________________ 8/ I don’t have a typewriter. I can’t type it myself. đ ______________________________________________ 9/ I’ll buy a new hat. I’ll give it to you. đ ______________________________________________ 10/ You’ll ask the teacher. He’ll explain the lesson to you. đ ______________________________________________ 11/ Mary doesn’t see the sight. She can’t tell you about that. đ ______________________________________________ 12/ I don’t know his address. I can’t give it to you. đ ______________________________________________ 13/ He didn’t look a lot better because he didn’t shave more often. đ ______________________________________________ 14/ She was ill. She didn’t go to work. đ ______________________________________________ 15/ It was raining all morning. We didn’t go out. đ ______________________________________________ 16/ He was tired. He made a mistake. đ ______________________________________________ 17/ Peter didn’t write to me. I didn’t write to him. đ ______________________________________________ 18/ You didn’t ask Alice. She didn’t tell you the truth. đ ______________________________________________ EXERCISE : Rewrite the following sentences using If clauses. She is shy, that’s why she doesn’t enjoy party. -> If . He doesn’t work overtime, so he doesn’t earn as much as I do. -> . My number isn’t in the directory, so people don’t ring me up. -> If . I live near my office, so I don’t spend much time travelling to work. -> If . I don’t know his address, so I can’t write to him. -> If . You work too fast; that’s why you make so many mistakes. -> . Please do take a seat and I’ll bring you some coffee. -> If . People don’t understand him because he doesn’t speak clearly. -> If . Unless you start at once, you’ll be late. -> If . I don’t have enough money. I don’t buy that dictionary. -> If . I will have a lot of money. I will buy that radio. -> . I’ll get up early. I’ll phone you. ->. Today isn’t Sunday, so the pupils can’t go swimming. -> Complete the following sentences so that it means the same as the sentence printed before it. They don’t understand the problem. They won’t find a solution Go right now or you’ll be late for the train. @ Because you speak English unnaturally, they do not understand you. @ We didn’t know your phone number, so we could not contact you. @ Because Simon doesn’t live near his mother, he can’t visit her often. @ She didn’t hurry, so she missed the train. @ John is fat because he eats so many chips. @ Bill never does anything if you don’t tell him what to do. @ Unless They don’t have enough time so they cannot do me a favour. @ I must leave now, or I’ll miss the flight. @ Hurry up, or we will be late for the exam. @ Peter gets bad marks because he doesn’t prepare his lessons well @ He doesn’t apply for the job because he doesn’t have enough qualifications. @ We can’t buy this car because it is very expensive. @ Unless he phones her immediately, he won’t get any information @ If They don’t find out the remedy. The patient will die. @ Susan felt sick because she ate 4 cream cakes. @ Rita is exhausted today because she didn’t get any sleep last night. @ CLAUSES OF CONCESSION 1. Mệnh đề trạng ngữ chỉ sự nhượng bộ thường được giới thiệu bằng: Although Though + Clause (S + V ) Even though Even if Although / Though / Even though / Even Ex1: He was lazy. He passed the test. -> Although he was lazy, he passed the test. Ex2: We had a picnic. The weather was bad. -> We had a picnic though the weather was bad. Mệnh đề chỉ sự nhượng bộ cú thể được rỳt gọn thành cụm từ chỉ sự nhượng bộ bởi cỏc giới từ : despite , in spite of + noun phrase Despite / In spite of + V.ing + the fact that + S + V Inspite of her sadness, she managed to smiled. In spite of being sad, she managed to smile. * Khi cả hai mệnh đề cựng một chủ ngữ ta cú thể chuyển mệnh chớnh về dạng V.ing. Although there were many people there, they couldn’t rescue him. Despite many people there, they couldn’t rescue him. Exercise 1: Choose the best answer to complete these sentences. 1. _______ he likes chocolate, he tries not to eat it. A. As B .Though C. Since D. Despite 2. He is a very intelligent boy, _______he is very lazy A. but B. and C. or D. so 3. _______I moved house, I haven’t had much contact with those friends A. though B. since C. because of D. so that 4. Last night we came to the show late _______the traffic was terrible. A. although B. despite C. and D. because 5. Lan couldn’t pass the exam_______she was too lazy. A. because B. because of C. although D. in spite of 6. _______ his broken leg, he didn’t come to class yesterday. A. because B. because of C. despite D. so 7. _______there is a lot of noise in the city, I prefer living there. A. despite B. in spite of C. becacuse of D. though 8. _______ the weather, we went sailing. A. despite B. in spite of C. although D. A and B 9. _______Hudson led early, he lost the race. A. though B. although C. Even though D. all are correct 10. _____it was raining heavily he went out without a raincoat. A. In spite B. In spite of C. However D. Although 11. _____he wasn’t feeling very well; Mr Graham went to visit his aunt as usual. A. Although B. However C. Therefore D. Still 12. He was offered the job______his qualifications were poor. A. despite B. in spite of C. even though D. Whereas 13. ______ we were in town, we often met him. A. For B. Although C. So D. When 14. She didn’t get the job ____ she had all the necessary qualifications. A. because B. although C. so D. but 15. I could not eat ____ I was very hungry. A. even though B. in spite C. despite D. in spite the fact that 16. In pite _____, the baseball game was not cancelled. A. the rain B. of the rain C. it was raining D. there was a rain 17. ______ he had enough money, he refused to buy a new car. A. In spite B. In spite of C. Despite D. Although 18. ______, he walked to the station. A. Despite being tired B. Although to be tired C. In spite being tired D. Despite tired 19. The children slept well, despite _____. A. it was noise B. the noise C. of the noise D. noisy 20. She left him __________ she still loved him. A. even if B. even though C. in spite of D. despite 21. _______ her lack of hard work, she was promoted. A. In spite B. Even though C. in spite of D. despite of 22. _______ they are brothers, they do not look like. A. Although B. Even C. Despite D. In spite of Exercise1 : Rewrite the sentences, beginning with the words in parentheses 1. She has plenty of money, but she is very mean. (although) => 2. They have a car, but they rarely use it. (though) => 3. He was innocent, but he was sent to prison. (although) => 4. He has a number of relatives living nearby, but he never visits them (even though) => 5. She never takes any kind of exercise, but she is quite fit and healthy. (even though) => 6.The keyboard wasn’t working well. She tried to finish the letter (although) => 7.The forecast said it would rain. It turned out to be a beautiful day. (although) => 8.I’m no better. I’ve taken the bill. (even though) => 9. The traffic was bad. I arrived at the airport on time. (though) => 10. I didn’t get the job. I had all necessary qualifications. (though) => 11. We enjoyed the vacation. It rained a lot. (although) => 12. She felt sick. She went to work. (though) => 13. I was really tired. I couldn’t sleep. (even though) => 14. He is very rich. He isn’t happy. (although) => 15. She couldn’t answer the question. She is very intelligent. (though) => 16. He tried. He was not successful. (though) => 17. His life is hard. He tried to study well. (although) => 18. He was wise and experienced. He was not taken in. (though) => Exercise 2: Rewrite the sentences with the word given. 1. Although he has a very important job, he isn’t particularly well-paid. =>In spite of 2. Although I had never seen her before, I recognized her from a photograph. => Despite 3. She wasn’t wearing the coat although it was quite cold. =>In spite of 4. We thought we’d better invite them to the party although we don’t like them very much. => Despite 5. Although I didn’t speak the language, I managed to make myself understand. =>In spite of 6. Although the heat was on, the room wasn’t warm. => Despite 7. I didn’t recognize her although I’d met her twice before. =>In spite of 8. We’re not very good friends although we’ve known each other a long time. => Despite 9. Although Minh was ill, he still came to the meeting. =>In spite of 10. Although he promised that he wouldn’t be late, he didn’t arrive until 9 o’clock. => Despite 11. Although the salary was low, he accepted the job. => Despite 12. In spite of their quarrel, they remain the best of friends. => Though 13. In spite of the bad weather, they went out for dinner. => Although 14. In spite of his age, he still leads an active life. => Even though 15. In spite of his hard work, Ba he failed his exam. => Though 16. In spite of the heavy rain, we decided to go to see the match. => Although 17. Although they lost, the home team played very well. => Despite 18. Even though it was raining, I still went to school on time. =>In spite of 19. Although she isn’t brilliant, she studies quite well. => Despite 20. She isn’t brilliant but she studies quite well. => Although Exercise 3: Rewrite the sentences with the word given. 1. The house isn’t nice, but I like the garden. => Even though 2. It was raining, but we went out. => Though 3. Everyone likes Bob even though he talkative. => Even though 4. Though I had an umbrella, I got very wet in the rain. => Though 5. We enjoyed the vacation although it rained a lot. => In spite of 6. I didn’t get the job even though I was extremely qualified. => Despite 7. Although she doesn’t earn much money, she spends like a millionaire. => Despite 8. Tom will not pass the examination although he studies well. => In spite of 9. He is still fat though he has been on a diet for 2 years. => In spite of 10. Although Judy was severely disabled, she participated in many sports. => Despite 11. She didn’t eat much though she was hungry. =>In spite of 12. Although he had much experience in machinery, he didn’t succeed in repairing this machine. => Despite 13. We did the test well though it was difficult. =>In spite of 14. Although he is strong, I’m not afraid of him. => Despite 15. The plane took off though the weather was bad. =>In spite of 16. Though his English was good, he wasn’t chosen. => Despite 17. Although the streets are narrow, many people drive in this city. =>In spite of 18.
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