Grammar for CEF-Level C1: Sentence connectors and conjunctions - Thẩm Tâm Vy

 Thẩm Tâm Vy, August 28, 2018 EXTRA COURSE 12 GRAMNMAR POINTS – CEF – LEVEL C1 
GRAMMAR FOR CEF – LEVEL C1 
SENTENCE CONNECTORS AND CONJUNCTIONS 
 In this lesson we will learn to use conjunctions between clauses in a sentence and 
connectorsm between sentences. This helps us to form coherent texts when we write or 
speak. 
Connections between clauses in a sentence 
 When we put two clauses into one sentence, we use a conjunction to link them and to 
show the relationship between them. 
 - They went by bus because it was cheap. 
 - The cake looked wonderful, but it was too dry to eat. 
 - Jalila had learnt to cook in order that her mother could have a day o ff sometimes. 
 - Her sister told her nothing about it, except that the event had taken place. 
 - He put the book back in place just as it had been. 
 You can use one of the following conjunctions: 
Connections between clauses in a sentence 
Coordinating conjunctions and 
but 
or 
Conjunctions used in purpose clauses in order 
that 
so as to 
so that 
Conjunctions used in reason clauses 
because 
in case 
since 
Conjunctions used in concessive clauses 
although 
despite 
even if 
except that 
not that 
whereas 
while 
Conjunctions used in clauses of manner 
as 
like 
just as 
Connections between sentences 
 We use sentence connectors to show what sort of connection there is between one 
sentence and another. 
 - We arrived early. However, the bus had already left. 
 - Taxis were provided for the delegates. Therefore, the rain was not an issue. 
 - She struggled with the problem of gaining weight. Furthermore, there was no advice 
that helped. 
 - ‘You are what you eat’ does have some truth to it. By the same token, before we are 
born, we are what our mothers eat. 
 - She didn’t know how long he might be. In the meantime, she could only sit there 
waiting. 
 We can introduce a related comment or an extra reinforcing piece of information using 
one of the following connectors: 
Connections between sentences 
To compare with something already mentioned also 
as well 
furthermore 
moreover 
To add a fact that illustrates the same point as the one you 
have just made, or a suggestion that has the same basis 
again 
by the same token 
equally 
likewise 
To contrast with the previous sentence or give another 
point of view 
alternatively 
by contrast 
conversely 
even so 
however 
nevertheless 
on the contrary 
on the other hand 
rather 
then again 
To say that the fact you are mentioning exists because of 
the fact or facts previously given 
accordingly 
as a result 
consequently 
hence 
therefore 
To indicate that something takes place after or before an 
event that you have already mentioned or at the same time 
as that event 
at the same time 
beforehand 
finally 
in the meantime 
later 
meanwhile 
next 
previously 
simultaneously 
soon 
subsequently 
throughout 
I. Are the highlighted words correct or incorrect in this text? 
 Adam was going to be speaking to you this morning, but unfortunately he's unable to be 
here. Consequently , I've been asked to say a few words about the launch of this 
product. 
 Thẩm Tâm Vy, August 28, 2018 EXTRA COURSE 12 GRAMNMAR POINTS – CEF – LEVEL C1 
2. However , before I start I'd like to look back, for a moment, on the last two years. I 
think we'd all agree it's been a challenging undertaking and we've encountered our fair 
share of problems. 
3. Hence , it's been exhausting and, at times, frustrating. 
4. Furthermore , it's been extremely enjoyable and rewarding. 
5. Furthermore , I think we've all learned a lot along the way. 
6. Therefore  I think we can all be very proud of ourselves and proud of the product 
that we've jointly created. 
II. Rearrange the letters to find words. Use the definitions to help you. 
1. rofherete.................... (used to introduce a logical result or conclusion) 
2. whemanile.................... (while a particular thing is happening) 
3. heewras.................... (used to introduce a comment which contrasts with what is said 
in the main clause) 
4. ewohrev.................... (used when you are adding a comment which is surprising or 
which contrasts with what has just been said) 
5. yb snortact................ (used to show that you are now mentioning a very different 
situation from the one you have just mentioned) 
6. venretehsels.................... (used when saying something that contrasts with what has 
just been said) 
III. For each sentence, tick the correct ending. 
1. I have two dresses in my wardrobe whereas 
 my sister has 23. 
 I need a couple more. 
2. We had a tiny house and very little money. Nevertheless, 
 we were quite dissatisfied with our lives. 
 we were perfectly content with our lives. 
3. We had our health and enough money to live on. Furthermore, 
 it wasn't enough. 
 we had each other. 
4. I had spent all but $50 of my budget. Consequently, 
 I was living on a meagre diet of bread and water. 
 I was still having a marvellous time. 
5. There is a limited supply of apartments on the campus. Therefore 
 we are confident that we will be able to provide you with accommodation. 
 we recommend that you apply for housing before the official deadline. 
IV. Decide if the pairs of sentences have the same meaning. 
1. A. This is by no means an easy task. Nevertheless, we persevere, trusting that our 
efforts will be rewarded. 
 B. This is by no means an easy task, but we persevere, trusting that our efforts will be 
rewarded. 
2. A. I spent a modest £30 on my trainers. By contrast, my husband spent £120 on his! 
 B. I spent a modest £30 on my trainers, whereas my husband spent £120 on his! 
3. A. It was an exhausting trip and not without stress. Nevertheless, we found it useful 
and in parts, even enjoyable.  
 B. It was an exhausting trip and not without stress. However, we found it useful and in 
parts, even enjoyable. 
4. A. We arrived at 9 o'clock. Consequently, the bus had already left.  
 B. We arrived at 9 o'clock but the bus had already left. 
V. Which sentences are correct? 
1. Our headquarters are currently being refurbished. Meanwhile, we're using the building 
opposite as a temporary office.  
2. The job isn't ideal in that I have to travel too much and the hours are long. However, 
it's not all bad.  
3. It's a lovely, spacious apartment and it's in a very nice part of town. Furthermore, it's 
very close to where I work.  
4. The company I work for are great actually, and my colleagues are first-rate. 
Nevertheless, I'd like to stay with them for a few years.  
5. No one was willing to give evidence in court. Accordingly, the case was dropped.  
6. Sara does a job share for 20 hours a week, whereas I do something very similar.  
VI. Choose the correct word or phrase. 
1. I have a tiny, one-bedroom apartment in the city. Meanwhile / Nevertheless / 
Therefore, my sister has a huge house in the country. 
2. I lived on my own. Consequently / Hence / However, I wasn't lonely. 
3. He never went out and met anyone. Consequently / By contrast / Nevertheless, he 
didn't have any friends to speak of. 
4. People generally admire Michael professionally. Nevertheless / Therefore / 
Furthermore, they like him as a person, and that's definitely more important. 
5. She wasn't the most reliable of colleagues and her behaviour was quite erratic. 
Furthermore / Nevertheless / Meanwhile, she could be quite inspired and she was fun to 
work with. 
ANSWER KEY 
I. 
1. Consequently  2. However  3. Hence  
4. Furthermore X => However 5. Furthermore  6. Therefore  
II. 
1. therefore 2. meanwhile 3. whereas 4. however 5. by contrast 6. nevertheless 
III. 
1. my sister has 23. 2. we were perfectly content with our lives. 
3. we had each other. 4. I was living on a meagre diet of bread and water. 
5. we recommend that you apply for housing before the official dead line. 
IV. 
1. Yes 2. Yes 3. Yes 4. No 
V. 
1. Yes 2. Yes 3.. Yes 4. No 5. Yes 6. No 
VI. 
1. Meanwhile 2. However 3. Consequently 4. Furthermore 5. Nevertheless