Tổng hợp kiến thức môn Tiếng Anh Lớp 10 học kỳ II

TOÅNG HÔÏP KIEÁN THÖÙC ENGLISH 10 – HKII
{ Conditional sentences:
Điều kiện có thể thực hiện được ở hiện tại
If + S + simple present - S + will (can, shall, may) + Verb in simple form.
Điều kiện không thể thực hiện được ở hiện tại
If + S + simple past - S + would (could, should, might) + Verb in simple form
Động từ to be phải chia là were ở tất cả các ngôi.
Trong một số trường hợp, người ta bỏ if đi và đảo were lên trên chủ ngữ (were I you ... lỗi cơ bản).
Điều kiện không thể thực hiện được ở quá khứ
If + S + had + P2 - S + would(could, shoult,might) + have + P2
Trong một số trường hợp người ta bỏ if đi và đảo had lên phía trước.
Lưu ý: Câu điều kiện không phải lúc nào cũng tuân theo qui luật trên. Trong một số trường hợp một vế của điều kiện sẽ là quá khứ nhưng vế còn lại ở hiện tại do thời gian qui định gọi là câu điều kiện loại hỗn hợp (mixed).
Ex: If she had caught the train, she would be here by now.
{ Passive voice:
	SIMPLE PRESENT OR SIMPLE PAST
 Am
 is 
 are +[verb in past participle] 
 was 
 were
PRESENT PROGRESSIVE OR PAST PROGRESSIVE
Am
is 
are + being + [verb in past participle]
was 
were
PRESENT PERFECT OR PAST PERFECT
 Has
 have + been +[verb in past participle]
 had
MODALS
modal + been +[verb in past participle]
Nếu là người hoặc vật trực tiếp gây ra hành động thì dùng by nhưng nếu là vật gián tiếp gây ra hành động thì dùng with.	Ex: The bird was shot with the gun - The bird was shot by the hunter.
to be made of: Được làm bằng (Đề cập đến chất liệu làm nên vật)	Ex: This table is made of wood
to be made from: Được làm ra từ (đề cập đến việc nguyên vật liệu bị biến đổi hoàn toàn về trạng thái ban đầu để làm nên vật)	Ex: Paper is made from wood
to be made out of: Được làm bằng (đề cập đến quá trình làm ra vật)
Ex: This cake was made out of flour, butter, sugar, eggs and milk
to be made with: Được làm với (đề cập đến chỉ một trong số nhiều chất liệu làm nên vật)
Ex: This soup tastes good because it was made a lot of spices.
{ Adjectives of attitude:
Tính từ chỉ vật 
Adjectives endind with “Ving”
Tính từ chỉ người
Adjectives ending with “Ved”
Structures 
S + Be + Ving
S (person) + Find + O (thing) + Ving 
A / An / The + Ving + Noun
The most + Ving + Noun
Anything / something + Ving
Have a very + Ving + Noun
S + Be + Ved + Prep
S (person) + Make / feel / look (O) + Ved
S + Get + Ved
S + Be + Adv (often, always, never, sometimes, usually ) + Ved
Adjectives 
Fascinating (lôi cuốn)
Exciting (sôi động) 
Amusing (vui, hay)
Amazing (kinh ngạc)
Astonishing (kinh ngạc)
Shocking (sửng sốt)
Disgusting (kinh tởm)
Embarrassing (bối rối)
Confusing (bối rối)
Horrifying (kinh hoàng)
Terrifying (kinh khiếp)
Frightening (sợ hãi)
Depressing (nản chí)
Worrying (lo lắng)
Annoying (quấy rầy, làm phiền)
Exhausting (kiệt sức)
Satisfying (thỏa mãn)
Interesting (thú vị)
Boring (chán)
Surprising (ngạc nhiên)
Tiring (mệt mỏi)
Disappointing (thất vọng)
Frustrating (thất vọng)
Irritating (kích thích, chọc tức)
Fascinated (lôi cuốn) + by
Excited (sôi động) + about / at / by
Amused (vui, hay) + at / by
Amazed (kinh ngạc) + at / by 
Astonished (kinh ngạc) + at / by
Shocked (sửng sốt) + by
Disgusted (kinh tởm) + at /by / with
Embarrassed (bối rối) + about / at
Confused (bối rối) + about
Horrified (kinh hoàng) + by
Terrified (kinh khiếp) + of/ at
Frightened (sợ hãi) + of
Depressed (nản chí) + about
Worried (lo lắng) + about
Annoyed (quấy rầy, làm phiền) + with (person)
Annoyed (quấy rầy, làm phiền) + at / about (thing)
Exhausted (kiệt sức)
Satisfied (thỏa mãn) + with
Interested (thú vị) + in
Bored (chán) + with
Surprised (ngạc nhiên) + at / by
Tired (mệt mỏi) + of
Disappointed (thất vọng) + at / by sth
Disappointed (thất vọng) + in / with sth / sb
Frustrated (thất vọng) + at / with
Irritated (kích thích, chọc tức) + at/ by /with
Examples
The film is interesting.
I find the radio boring.
It is an amusing game.
The most intersting book is Harry Porter.
He has a very annoying dog.
I am interested in football.
You make her surprised.
I am never exhausted.
I feel bored.
{ It was not until ... that ...:
It was not until + time word/phrase/clause that + clause
EX:
1. She didn’t become a teacher until yesterday.
=> It was not until yesterday that he became a teacher. 
 time word
2. He didn’t come home until late in the evening
=> It was not until late in the evening that he came home. 
	time phrase
{ Will vs. be going to:
WILL
Will has a neutral meaning. We use it to talk about facts in the future.
	I'll be twenty next Friday.
	The spacecraft will come down in the Pacific Ocean tomorrow morning.
BE GOING TO
We use be going to for an intention, something we have already decided to do.
	We're going to have a meal.
	Tom is going to sell his car.
Will does not express an intention.
It's her birthday. She's going to have a meal with her friends, NOT She'll have a meal.
But we often use be going to for an intention and will for the details and comments. 
We're all going to have a meal. There'll be about ten of us. 
~ Oh, that'll be nice.
As well as be going to, we can use the present continuous (see Unit 26A).
We're going to drive/We're driving down to the South of France. 
~ That'll be a long journey.
Yes, it'll take two days. We'll arrive on Sunday.
* Decisions and intentions
WILL
We use will for an instant decision or agreement to do sth.
There's a postbox over there. I'll post these letters.
You still haven't put those shelves up, Trevor. ~
OK, I'll do it tomorrow.
Trevor is deciding now.
BE GOING TO
Be going to means that we have already decided.
I'm going out. I'm going to post these letters.
You still haven't put those shelves up, Trevor. ~ I
know. I'm going to do it tomorrow.
Trevor has already decided.
* Predictions
WILL
We can use will for a prediction about the future.
I think United will win the game. One day people will travel to Mars.
BE GOING TO
We use be going to for a prediction when we see from the present situation what is going to happen in the future.
There isn't a cloud in the sky. lt's going to be a lovely day.
This bag isn't very strong. It's going to break.
It is often possible to use either form in a prediction. 
For example, we can also say I think United are going to win the game. 
Usually be going to is a little more informal and conversational than will.
{ COMPARISONS
I. so sánh ngang bằng ( Equal comparison)
 1. S + “be” + as + adj + as + N ( đại từ )
Ex: 	-He is as tall as his father.
-Mai is as beautiful as her friend.
 2. S + V + as + adv + as + N ( đại từ )
Ex: - 	John sings as well as his sister.
Notes: * Có thể dùng “So” thay cho “as” trong những câu phủ định.
Ex: -	 His job is not so difficult as mine.
Ý “bằng nhau, như nhau” có thể được diễn đạt cách khác:
S+ V + the same + (N) + as + N (pronoun).
Ex. - My house is as high as his.
	® My house is the same height as his.
Tom is as old as Mary.
	® Tom and Mary are the same age.
* Chúng ta dùng “the same as” chứ không dùng “the same like”
Chú ý các tính từ sau và các danh từ tương ứng của chúng.
Adj	N
- Heavy, light	®	weight
- wide, narrow	®	with
- deep, shallow	®	depth
- long, short	®	length
- big, small	®	size
- old	®	age
II. So sánh hơn. ( Comparatives)
1. So sánh hơn ( Comparatives)
- Adj ngắn 1 âm tiết + er: Ex. Thick ® thicker, colder ® colder.
+ Với những tính từ 1 âm tiết ta gấp đôi phụ âm cuối rồi thêm er	Ex. Hot ® hotter, big ® bigger
- Với những tính từ 2 âm tiết có tân cùng là đuôi: –y, -er, -ow ,-le: thì ta thêm đuôi er: 
Ex. dirty, simple, clever, narrow ® Dirtier, simpler, cleverer, narrower
+ Còn lại những tính từ 2 âm tiết khác ta thêm more đằng trước tính từ.
- Với những tính từ 3 âm tiết trở lên ta thêm more đằng trước:
EX. More beautiful	more intelligent	more interesting
S + be + short Adj +er + than + N (đại từ)
 More + long Adj 	
Ex. -Today is hotter than yesterday.
	-This chair is more comfortable than the other.
 S + V+ short Adv +er	+ than + N ( pronouns)
	 More + long Adv 
	Ex. - She speaks English better than me.
	- My father sings more beautifully than my brother.
2. So sánh kép (double comparatives )
a) So sánh đồng tiến: (càngthì càng)
The+ comparative + S + V +(O), the + comparative + S + V +(O)
	Ex. The hotter it is, the more terrible I feel.
	The sooner you leaver, the earlier you will arrive at your destination.
	The more you study, the smarter you will become.
b) So sánh lũy tiến: ( ngày càng..)
- Tính từ và trạng từ ngắn:
 S+ V+ more+ and +more + adj/ adv
	Ex. She becomes more and more beautiful.
	( Cô ấy ngày càng xinh.)
Tính từ và trạng từ dài:
 S + V + adj/ adv +er and + adj/ adv +er
	Ex. Dung is younger and younger. ( Dung càng ngày càng trẻ )
III. So sánh nhất ( Superlatives )
So sánh nhất bắt buộc phải có từ 3 đối tương trở lên.
S + V + the + short adj/ adv +est +( N )+ ( in/ of ) + N
	 most + long adj/ adv 	
* Các quy tắc khác cũng giống như dạng so sánh hơn. Ex. Hottest, biggest
	Ex. - John is the tallest boy in my class.
	- These shoes are the least expensive of all.
Các trường hợp adj/ adv biến đổi đặc biệt.
Một số adj cũng đồng thời là adv:
	Early, soon, hard, fast, long
Wish you have a good result!!!