Tài liệu ngữ pháp môn Tiếng Anh Lớp 9 - Học kỳ I năm học 2009-2010

 Ng­ ph¸p tiÕng anh líp 9 HKI (N¨m häc 2009 – 2010)
I/ TENSES:
 1. Present Simple tense.( Thì hieän taïi ñôn)
- Use : Ta duøng thì naøy ñeå noùi ñeán mot söï vieäc naøo ñoù xaûy ra lieân tuïc ,laëp ñi laëp laïi nhieàu laàn , hay moât ñieàu gì ñoù luoân luoân ñuùng.
- Form: + S + V/Vs / es + . Ex -The earth goes around the sun.
 - S + don’t/doesn’t + V+  on Sunday. -We don’t have classes 
 ? Do/Does + S + V + .? 	 - Does Lan speak French?
2. Past Simple Tense (Thì quaù khöù ñôn)
- Use : Dieãn taû haønh ñoäng xaûy ra vaø keát thuùc taïi moät thôøi ñieåm xaùc ñònh ôû quaù qkhöù 
- Form: + S + V-ed(regular) / V2 ( column irregular) +  Ex : - He arrived here yesterday.
 - S + didn’t + V +  - She didn’t go to school yesterday.
 ? Did + S + V +  ? - Did you clean this table?
- Note: Thì quaù khöù ñôn thöôøng ñöôïc duøng vôùi caùc cum töø chæ thôøi gian xaùc ñònh ôû quaù khöù : last week / month / year . . ., a week / 3 days / 5 months . . . , yesterday, yesterday morning / evening, In+ naêm, from 2000 to2005
- Caùch ñoïc caùc ñoâng töø ôû quaù khöù ñôn vôùi “ ED”: 
+ “ ED”: ñöôïc ñoïc laø /t/ khi nhöõng ñoäng töø nguyeân maãu coù aâm taän cuøng laø /f/, /k/, /p/, /s/,/tS/, /S/.
Ex : laughed , asked , helped , watch , pushed , dressed , 
+ “ ED”: ñöôcï ñoïc laø /id/ khi nhöõng ñoäng töø nguyeân maãu coù aâm taän cuøng laø /d/ vaø /t/ .Ex : needed , wanted , waited , ..
 + “ ED”: ñöôcï ñoïc laø /d/ khi nhöõng ñoäng töø nguyeân maãu coù aâm taän cuøng laø caùc aâm coøn laïi Ex : enjoyed , saved , filled ,.
 3. Present perfect tense( Thì hieän taïi hoaøn thaønh )
- Use :- Duøng ñeå mieâu taû moät haønh ñoäng xaûy ra trong quaù khöù nhöng keát quaû coøn löu ñeán hieän taïi 
 - Duøng ñeå mieâu taû moät haønh ñoäng vöøa môùi xaûy ra ( ta duøng vôùi JUST)
 - Duøng ñeå mieâu taû moät haønh ñoäng ñöôïc hoaøn taát sôùm hôn söï mong ñôïi (ta duøng vôùi ALREADY) Ex: I have already finished this work.
- Duøng ñeå mieâu taû moät haønh ñoäng töø tröôùc ñeán giôø chöa heà hoaëc khoâng heà xaûy ra ( ta duøng vôùi EVER –NEVER) . Ex: Have you ever been to Hue? I have never gone. 
 - Duøng ñeå mieâu taû moät haønh ñoäng ñaõ xaûy ratrong quaù khöù tính ñeán nay ñaõ xaûy ra ñöôïc bao laâu (FOR) hoaëc ñaõ xaûy ra töø luùc naøo (Since)
* For : Chæ thôøi gian keùo daøi bao laâu.Ex: You have studied English for 4 years.
* Since: thôøi gian baét ñaàu töø luùc naøo Ex: She has studied English since 2003.
4. Future simple Tense ( Thì töông lai ñôn)
- Use : Dieãn taû moät haønh ñoäng seõ xaûy ra taïi moät thôøi ñieåm naøo ñoù trong töông lai.
- Form : + S + will / shall + V +  Ex: He will finish his homework tomorrow .
	 - S+ won’t / shan’t + V +  Lan won’t go to the zoo next week.
	 ? Will / Shall + S + V +  ? Will you do this exercise ?
5. Present progressive Tense ( Thì hieän taïi tieáp dieãn )
- Use : Dieãn taû moät haønh ñoäng xaûy ra vaøo ñuùng thôøi ñieåm noùi. 
-Form : + S + is / am/ are + V-ing + 	Ex : I’m learning English now.
	 - S + is / am/ are + not + V-ing +  He isn’t learning English now.
	 ? Is / Am / Are + S + V-ing + ? Is he reading books now?
- Note: Thì hieän taïi tieáp dieãn thöôøng duøng keøm vôùi caùc traïng töø : now, right now,at present , at the moment ñeå nhaán maïnh tính chaát ñang dieãn tieán cuûa haønh ñoäng ôû ngay luùc noùi .
6. Near Future: Be going to ( thì töông lai gaàn )
- Form : S + is / am/ are + going to + Vinf
- Use : Duøng khi noùi veà moät vieäc maø ai ñoù quyeát ñònh seõ laøm hay döï ñònh seõ laøm trong töông lai. 
Ex : There is a good film on TV tonight. I’m going to stay home to watch TV .
- Note : Be going to coøn duøng ñeå döï ñoaùn moät tình huoáng
*.§éng tõ khuyÕt thiÕu(Model Verbs) :Can,(Can’t) Could(couldn’t), Should(shouldn’t), May, Might, Ought to(=Should),Must(Mustn’t)....
Form : (+) S +Model Verb. + V(inf)...
 (-)S + Model Verb +not + V(inf)
 (?)Model Verb + S + V(inf)...? Yes, S + Model Verb ./ No, S + Model Verb +not. 
II/ S + used to + V(inf)...DiÔn t¶ thãi quen th­êng lµm trong qu¸ khø.
Ex. I used to live in the country.
S + be / get used to + Ving....DiÔn t¶ thãi quen ë hiÖn t¹i
III.C©u chñ ®éng vµ bÞ ®éng: 
1.Víi th× hiÖn t¹i ®¬n : S + V(hiÖn t¹i ®¬n) + O + ... Eg: Nam drinks milk.
 S + am/is/are +PP +..... by + O Milk is drunk by Nam 2.Víi th× qu¸ khø ®¬n : S + V(qua khø ®¬n) + O + ... Eg: I met Mai yesterday
 S + was/were +PP +..... by +O Mai was met by me yesterday
 3. Víi th× hiÖn t¹i tiÕp diÔn :	S + am/is/are + Ving + O + ......
	 S + am/is/are + being + PP + ......+ by +
 ex. Lan is writing a letter at 9 O’clock last night.
 A letter is being written at 9 O’clock last night 
4. Víi th× qu¸ khø tiÕp diÔn :	S + was/were + Ving + O +....
	S + was/were being + PP +......by + O
ex. She was doing her homework at 5 O’clock yesterday.
 Her homework was being done by her at 5 O’clock yesterday
 5. Víi th× hiÖn t¹i hoµn thµnh : S + has/ have + PP + O +........ ex. Nam has bought a new house since 1990 
 S + has/have + been + PP +...........by + O A new house has been bought since 1990 
.6.Víi ®éng tõ khuyÕt thiÕu (Model Verbs):can/could/should/may/might/have to/has to/had to/used to/ought to/must/ be going to...+ V(inf)
 S +Modal + V(inf) + O +.... ex. Lan can buy a new book today.
 S + Modal +be + PP +... +by +O A new book can be bought by Lan
IV/. The past simple with “Wish”
1.Ước muốn ở hiện tại:
 S + wish + S + V(simple past)
* NOTE: After wish: - to be : were 
* Cã thể thay WISH = Would rather
Ex:- I wish my vacation was longer. = I’d rather my vacation was longer
2.Ước muốn ở tương lai
 S + Would + V(bare infinitive) Ex:I would go to the moon tomorrow.
V/. Adverb clauses of result ( Meänh ñeà traïng ngöõ chæ keát quaû)
S + V + so + adjective / Adverb + that + S + V
Ex: The soup tastes so good that everyone will ask for more.
VI.. Preposition of time ( Giôùi töø chæ thôøi gian ) : at, in ,on, from . . . to, for, by
- AT : + moät ñieåm thôøi gian cuï theå 	Ex : We have class at one o’clock.
	+ night/noon/midnight/christmas	Ex : I sleep at night.
- IN : 	+ thaùng/naêm cuï theå	Ex : I was born 1994
	+ the morning/afternoon / evening	Ex : We have class in the morning.
+season(in the summer,..)/century(in the 19th century)/decede(in the 1990th)
- ON: + ngaøy trong tuaàn 	Ex : We have class on Monday.	
	+ ngaøy thaùng naêm 	 Ex: I was born on April 6, 2006
- FROM + moät ñieåm thôøi gian + TO + moät ñieåm thôøi gian
 	 Ex: We have class from 7.00 to 10.15
- FOR: + moät khoaûng thôøi gian : ñeå noùi raèng moät caùi gì ñoù dieãn ra bao laâu roài 
 	Ex : We walked for 2 hours to reach the waterfall.
- BY: + moät ñieåm thôøi gian 	Ex: Can you finish the work by five o’clock.
-Betweenand+between5pmand 8pm
-Till/untill+poit in time(untill March, till Sunday)
VII. If clause ( Meänh ñeà If ) 
1. Điều kiện loại 1 : (conditional sentences type1)
IF CLAUSE (Mệnh đề If)
MAIN CLAUSE (Mệnh đề chính)
Simple Present
	S + V[-e/es]
	S + don’t / doesn’t + V(inf)
Simple Future
	S + will + V(inf)
	S + will not + V(inf)
	Will + S + V(inf)?
Note:	
- Moät soá bieán theå cuûa meänh ñeà chính ta thöôøng gaëp: S + may/might/can/.....+ V(infi)
Ex: If it rains , we may stay at home
Ta có thể dung Unless (nếu không/ trừ khi) để thay thế cho Ifnot : 
Ex : If it doesn’t rains ,we’ll go on a picnic
 Unless it rains, we’ll go on a picni
VIII/.C©u trùc tiÕp vµ gi¸n tiÕp :
1.Víi c©u trÇn thuËt : S + said (that) S +V(lïi mét th× vÒ qu¸ khø)...
ex.She said : “I am a student”.	 She said that She was a student
2.Víi c©u Yes/No Question: S +asked + O+ if/whether S+ V (lïi mét th× vÒ qu¸ khø )
ex. She said to me : “can you speak English fluently?”
 She asked me if I could speak English fluently.
3.Víi c©u mÖnh lÖnh : S + asked/told +O +(not) + to +V(inf)...
ex. “Don’t make noise here”,Lan said to Hoa.
 Lan asked Hoa not to make noise there.
4. Víi c©u hái Wh – Questions :
 S + asked + O + Wh + S + V(lïi mét th× vÒ qu¸ khø).
ex. “Where do you live?” She said to me.
She asked me Where I lived.	
 Note: c¸ch chuyÓn mét sè tr¹ng tõ tõ c©u trùc tiÕp sang gi¸n tiÕp:
Direct speech
Indirect speech
now
then/ at once/ immediately.
ago
before
today
that day
yesterday
the day before/ the previous day
tomorrow
the next day/ the following day.
last night/ week/ month...
the privious day/ week...
2.Ñoåi thì cuûa caâu tröïc tieáp
* Present forms à Past forms
	is/am/areà	was/were
	V/Vs/Vesà	Ved/V2
	is/am/are+V.ingà	was/were+V.ing
	have/has+Ved/V3à	had+Ved/V3
* Past 	forms	 à Past perfect forms
was/wereà	had+been
	 Ved/V2	à	had+Ved/V3 
* Notes:à
	May	à	Might + Bare infinitive
	Ought toà	Ought to
	Should	à	Should
	Canà	Could
	Must	à	Had to
	Could	à	Could
	Might	à	Might
IX/. Tag questions ( Caâu hoûi ñuoâi):
Form: Statements , Tag ?( Phần câu , Phần đuôi ?)
 + , _ ?
 + , _ ?
Caâu hoûi ñuoâi ñöôïc ñaët ôû cuoái ñeå hoûi söï kieåm ñònh moät thöù gì maø chuùng ta khoâng chaéc laém hay ñeå hoûi söï ñoàng yù 
Note: 	- Neáu veá ñaàu laø ñoäng töø ñaëc bieät nhö : to be, to have, can, could,. . . ta nhaéc laïi nhöõng ñoäng töø naøy ôû phaàn caâu hoûi ñuoâi, nhöng ñoái vôùi ñoäng töø thöôøng ta phaûi möôïn caùc trôï ñoäng töø nhö: do, does, did. 	Ex: Students don’t drink coffee, do they?
- Neáu veá ñaàu laø caâu khaúng ñònh thì veá sau laø caâu hoûi ñuoâi phuû ñònh vaø ngöôïc laïi .
- Neáu chuû töø laø ñaïi töø thì ta laëp laïi noù nhöng neáu noù laø danh töø ta phaûi ñoåi thaønh ñaïi töø töông öùng 
Ex: Hoa can’t sing very beautifully, can’t she?
*Mét sè vÝ dô sau gióp cho c¸c em biÕt c¸ch thµnh lËp c©u hái ®u«i:
 1.Let’s go to London next week, shall we?(phÇn c©u hái ®u«i cña Let’s + V(inf)...lµ shall we?
 2.You shouldn’t have told me, should you?
 3.Jim hasn’t been waiting long, has he?
 4.You won’t tell anyone about this, will you?
 5You’re not doing what I told you, are you?
 6.Lan worked in this facrory, didn’t you?
 7.George can’t drive a car, can he?
 8.You’ve got to leave now, haven’t you?
 9.C©u mÖnh lÖnh có đuôi :will you?
 10/PhÇn ®u«i cña “I am” lµ “aren’t I?”. I am late,aren’t I?
víi ®¹i tõ chØ vËt: everything, something, anything, nothing – cã ®¹i tõ phÇn ®u«ithay b»ng: it
Eg: Something happened with this TV, didn’t it?
víi ®¹i tõ chØ ng­êi nh­: everyone/ everybody, somebody/ someone, anybody/ anyone, nobody/ no one – cã ®¹i tõ phÇn ®u«I lµ: THEY 
Eg: Someone will visit us this morning, won’t they?
khi phÇn c©u cã c¸c tõ mang nghÜa ph­ ®Þnh nh­: seldom, hardly, never, nobody/ no one. Nothing - th× phÇn ®u«I ph¶I ë h×nh thøc kh¶ng ®Þnh
 *Nếu có there /it ở đầu câu thì câu hỏi đuôiphải có there hoặc it
X/ V-ing/Infinitive/To-infinitive:
1.V-ING(Gerund): Ta sử dụng động từ thêm ING sau một số động từ , cụm từ và giới từ sau đây
 a/ S+ Love/like/Enjoy/ Dislike/hate 
 Suggest(đề nghị)mind (phiền),
 Finish(kết thúc),avoid(tránh)
 consider (xem xet ), discuss(thảo luận) +V-ing
 stop(dung),Pospone:dời lại,Keep on :tiếp tục
 put of :hoãn lại, think about:nghĩ về,talk about
 Ex:Would you mind closing the door?
 Be Looking forward to 
 Be interested in 
 b/ S+ Be fond of + V-ING Ex: She is fond of reading books
 Be afraid of
 Be good at 
 c/.Sau without,after,before EX:He sat there without saying anything
 Before leaving the room,he turned off the radio.
2.Infinitive: ( Động từ nguyên mẫu không to)
* Ta sử dụng động từ nguyên mẫu không TO 
 a. sau modal verbs như: Can/could/May/might/Have to/Ought to/Should/Must/will/would/ would rather/ had better
 b. sau Used to/Let’s/let.
 Ex: Let’s go into the hall Let me pay for the meal
3.To-infinitive:
 Sau: Allow/permit	/ Want/need/Ask/tell/Advise/seem + To-infinitive
-Sau cấu trúc :Would you like+ To-infinitive.
 It’s + Adj + To-infinitive.
Ex: It’s dificult to make friends
-Saumột số tính từ như: happy,eager,ready,glad,anxious(lo lắng),nice,kind
 EX:Iam glad to see you.
1)Meänh ñeà chæ nguyeân nhaân:
àClause 1(Mệnh đề) +Because/Since/As + Clause 2
 Ex:Ba is tired because/as he stayed up late watching TV
2)Caâu ñieàu kieän:
A.C©u ®iÒu kiÖn lo¹i mét ( cã thÓ x¶y ra ë hiÖn t¹i)
 If S + V(hiÖn t¹i ®¬n) , S + will + V(inf).
ex. If I have much time, I will visit my grandmather in the country.
Note: C¶ hai vÕ cã thÓ chia ë th× hiÖn t¹i ®¬n.
B.C©u ®iÒu kiÖn lo¹i hai (kh«ng thÓ x¶y ra ë hiện tại hoặc tương lai)
 If S + V(qu¸ khø ®¬n), S + would/could/should/might + V(inf).
ex. If I worked hard, I would pass the exam.
*Note : Víi ®éng tõ (to) be th× Were dïng cho tÊt c¶ c¸c ng«i.
3)THAT- Clause:
 àS +be +Adj +THAT + Clause
 Ex: I’m please that you are working hard
4)Lieân töø:
*And(vaø):boå sung thoâng tin *But(nhöng)=However(tuy nhieân):chæ söï töông faûn
*Or(hoaëc):chæ söï choïn löïa *So=Therefore(vì theá):chæ haäu quaû,keát quaû
*Because(bôûi vì):chæ nguyeân nhaân
5) MÖnh ®Ò chØ sù nh­îng bé(tuong phan):
à .+ Although/ though/ even though + Clause (mÆc dï).
 ex. Although it rained a lot, they enjoyed themselves.
 + in spite of/ despite + N (mÆc dï).
 in spite of the rain, they enjoyed themselves
6.d¹i tõ quan hÖ : Who / Whom / Which / That / Whose.
.Who :Thay thÕ cho tõ côm tõ chØ ngh­êi vµ lµm chñ ng÷ trong c©u.
ex.I saw the woman.She wrote the book.
 S(ng­êi)
 I saw the woman Who wrote the book.
*note : boy(cËu con trai). Girl(con g¸i). People(mäi ngh­êi).man(men){®µn «ng}. Woman(Women)(®µn bµ).
.Whom: Thay thÕ cho tõ côm tõ chØ ng­êi vµ lµm t©n ng÷ trong c©u:
ex. I know the man. You want to meet him.
	O(ng­êi)
 I know the man who you want to meet.
Which (lµm chñ ng÷): Thay thÕ cho tõ côm tõ chØ vËt vµ lµm chñ ng÷ trong c©u.
ex.The pencil is mine. The pencil is on the dest.
 S(vËt)
 The pencil Which is on the dest is mine.
.Which (lµm t©n ng÷): Thay thÕ cho tõ côm tõ chØ vËt vµ lµm t©n ng÷ trong c©u.
ex.The dress is beautiful. She is wearing that dress.
The dress Which She is wearing is beautiful.
. Whose + N:
ex. The girl is my sister. You took the girl’s picture.
 The girl whose picture you took is my sister.
Mét sè tr­êng hîp chØ dïng That : 
- Sau mét sè tÝnh tõ ë d¹ng so s¸nh tuyÖt ®èi : 
Sau all / any / only / it is.
.Tr¹ng tõ quan hÖ : Where / When:
Where : thay cho tõ, cum tõ chØ ®Þa ®iÓm, n¬i chèn.
ex. I never forget the village. I was born there.
 I never forget the village where I was born.
 When : thay cho tõ côm tõ chØ thêi gian.
ex. Monday is the day. We will come then.
 Monday is the day when we will come
*Löu yù:coù theå duøng THAT thay theá cho WHO/WHICH ôû meänh ñeà quan heä xaùc ñònh(ko boû ñöôïc)
CÊu tróc Suggest: S + suggest + Ving.
	 S + suggest that + S + should + V(inf).
ex. I suggest taking some photos
 I suggest that we should take some photos.
8.§éng tõ khuyÕt thiÕu(Model Verbs) :Can,(Can’t) Could(couldn’t), Should(shouldn’t), May, Might, Ought to(=Should),Must(Mustn’t)....
Form : (+) S +M.V + V(inf)...
	(-) S + M.V +not + V(inf)
 M.V + S + V(inf)...? 	Yes, S + M.V./ No, S + M.V+not
9.Caùch duøng tính töø & traïng töø:
 S+Am/is/are/was/were +Adj (tính töø)
 	Look/make/feel
* trạng từ: cách thành lập ADJ + LY= AD
S + V + Adv (trang tư)
*Löu yù:-Adj ko ly ;Adv coù ly
	-ngoaïi leä: good (Adj) à well(Adv)
10.Cach dung Infinitive/To infinitive/V-ing
*Can/could	*Prefer/get	*Love/like
 May/might	 Allow/permit	 Dislike/hate
 Have to/Ought to	 Want/need	 Enjoy
 Should	 Ask/tell	 Suggest
 Must	V1	 Advise	To-inf	 Finish/mind V-ing
 Make/help	 Start/decide	 Giôùi töø
 Used to	 Would you like	 (on/in/at/of)
 Let’s	 It’s + Adj
 Have/Feel
Ex: Let’s go to the movie theater
 Would you like to go to the post office
 I like reading book