Tài liệu môn Tiếng Anh - Ôn thi THPT Quốc gia năm học 2015-2016 - Thủ thuật làm bài thi đọc hiểu

Chuyên đề 14: READING (ĐỌC HIỂU)
MỘT SỐ THỦ THUẬT LÀM BÀI THI ĐỌC HIỂU
Theo chuyên gia ngôn ngữ, để làm tốt bài thi đọc hiểu cần đọc trước câu hỏi để định hướng nội dung cần tìm trong bài đọc hiểu: Thí sinh nên tập trung đọc những thông tin cần cho câu trả lời, chứ không nên cố gắng đọc và hiểu hết tất cả các từ trong đoạn văn, đọc mà không có định hướng gì chiếm rất nhiều thời gian và gây ra sự khó hiểu.
Tùy theo các dạng bài kiểm tra đọc hiểu mà chúng ta có cách làm khác nhau. Ví dụ:
Đối với bài thi Đọc và tìm một từ phù hợp văn cảnh điền vào chỗ trống (gap-filling) hay đọc đoạn văn và điền thông tin còn khuyết theo bản tóm tắt, thì chúng ta cần xác định vị trí cần điền là loại từ gì (danh từ, động từ, tính từ, liên từ hay mạo từ), sau đó có sự lựa chọn từ cho phù hợp với ý nghĩa văn bản, thông thường đọc lướt toàn bài trước, nắm ý chính của đoạn văn sẽ giúp chúng ta có đáp án dễ dàng và chính xác hơn.
Đối với bài đọc và trả lời các câu hỏi tham chiếu: thí sinh cần xác định một từ, thường là đại từ chỉ đến một từ đã cho trước đó, hay đối với bài đọc tìm nghĩa của từ trong văn cảnh, chúng ta cần chú ý tới văn cảnh mà từ đó ở trong, hiểu đoạn văn chứa từ đó mà suy diễn nghĩa của từ, đừng tập trung quá vào nghĩa đen của nó vốn có.
Đối với bài thi Đọc và trả lời câu hỏi bao quát (hỏi về ý chính hay chủ đề của bài): chúng ta nên tìm câu trả lời ở câu đầu tiên hay câu cuối cùng của đoạn văn.
Đối với bài Đọc và chọn đáp án đúng cho mỗi câu hỏi từ các đáp án đã cho (multiple-choice): chúng ta cần đọc toàn bộ bài đọc trước tiên để hiểu nội dung của bài đọc, sau đó bao phủ các phương án lựa chọn, và chỉ đọc kỹ vào từng câu, từng ý, hay từng câu hỏi, và sau đó có thể tìm câu trả lời trong bài đọc bằng chính ngôn ngữ của mình. Sau đó, mới bắt đầu đọc các phương án lựa chọn, xem thử phương án nào gần với câu trả lời đầu tiên của mình nhất, và loại bỏ những phương án vô lý, hay gây nhiễu nhất. Bằng phương pháp loại trừ dần các phương án sai, chúng ta sẽ quyết định một phương án tối ưu cho đáp án của mình. Đối với dạng bài đọc hiểu này, cần chú ý các câu hỏi thường theo trật tự như các thông tin trong bài đọc. Nếu có câu hỏi về toàn thể bài đọc và câu hỏi về mục đích hay thái độ của tác giả đoạn văn thường là câu hỏi cuối cùng và nên dung thủ thuật “read between lines” để suy nghĩ về thái độ và tình huống cụ thể của người viết.
DẠNG BÀI THI 1
Mark the letter A, B, C or D to indicate the word or phrase that best fits each of the blank:
PASSAGE 1
 Clean freshwater resources are essential for drinking, bathing, cooking, irrigation, industry, and for plant and animal (1) ____. Unfortunately, the global supply of freshwater is (2) ____ unevenly. Chronic water shortages (3) ____ in most of Africa and drought is common over much of the globe. The (4) ____ of most freshwater supplies - groundwater (water located below the soil surface), reservoirs, and rivers - are under severe and (5) ____ environmental stress because of overuse, water pollution, and ecosystem degradation. Over 95 percent of urban sewage in (6) ____ countries is (7) ____ untreated into surface waters such as rivers and harbors;
 About 65 percent of the global freshwater supply is used in (8) ____ and 25 percent is used in industry. Freshwater (9) ____ therefore requires a reduction in wasteful practices like (10) ____ irrigation, reforms in agriculture and. industry, and strict pollution controls worldwide.
Question 1: A. survive                    B. survived                 C. surviving                 D. survival
Question 2: A. delivered                B. distributed              C. provided                 D. given
Question 3: A. exist                        B. lie                           C. show                       D. l:itay
Question 4: A. resources                B. springs                    C. sources                    D. starting
Question 5: A. increasing               B. growing                  C. climbing                  D. ascending
Question 6: A. growing                  B. miserable                C. poverty                   D. developing
Question 7: A. recharged               B. discharged              C. charged                   D. discharging
Question 8: A. farming                   B. planting                  C. agriculture              D. growing
Question 9: A. reservation              B. conservation          C. preservation             D. retention
Question 10: A. ineffective              B. illogical                   C. irrational                 D. inefficient
PASSAGE 2
 	Some time ago, scientists began experiments to find out (1)______ it would be possible to set up a “village” under the sea. A special room was built and lowered (2)______ the water of Port Sudan in the Red Sea. For 29 days, five men lived (3)______ a depth of 40 feet. At a (4)______ lower level, another two divers stayed for a week in a smaller “house”. On returning to the surface, the men said that they had experienced no difficulty in breathing and had (5)______ many interesting scientific observations. The captain of the party, Commander Cousteau, spoke of the possibility of (6)______ the seabed. He said that some permanent stations were to be set up under the sea, and some undersea farms would provide food for the growing population of the world. 
	The divers in both “houses” spent most of their time (7)______ the bottom of the sea. On four occasions, they went down to 360 feet and observed many extraordinary (8)______ of the marine life, some of which had never been seen before. During their stay, Commander Cousteau and his divers reached a depth of 1,000 feet and witnessed a gathering of an immense (9)______ of crabs which numbered, perhaps, hundreds of millions. They also found out that it was (10)______ to move rapidly in the water in a special vessel known as a “diving saucer”. 
Question 1: A. which 	B. what 	C. how 	D. whether 
Question 2: A. underneath 	B. into 	C. down 	D. below 
Question 3: A. in 	B. at 	C. on 	D. from 
Question 4: A. any 	B. more 	C. much 	D. some 
Question 5: A. made 	B. exercised	 C. caught 	D. done 
Question 6: A. implanting 	B. transplanting 	C. growing D. cultivating 
Question 7: A. inquiring 	B. exploring 	C. imploring 	D. enquiring 
Question 8: A. systems 	B. forms 	C. breeds 	D. castes 
Question 9: A. pack 	B. herd 	C. school 	D. flock 
Question 10: A. able 	B. possible 	C. hardly 	D. capable 
PASSAGE 3
Eight out of ten British schools require students to wear school uniforms. Wearing a uniform has been (1)as part of British school tradition for a long time, and makes a good (2)on people. Some schools have used the idea of school uniform as a(n) (3).to let the students (4).themselves by designing their uniform so they could (5)..a part in deciding what they would wear every day.
The UK government has just (6) the results of a study which showed that many parents actually dread the beginning of the school year because they cannot (7).to buy their children school uniforms. This is because schools in many areas make arrangements with one local shop so that their uniforms can only be bought there, and this (8).the shop to increase the prices because it doesn’t have any (9) The result of the survey is that pressure will now be put on schools to (10)with the problem and make sure that uniforms can be bought at reasonable prices.
Question 1: A. regarded	 B. considered 	C. thought 	D. supposed
Question 2: A. effect 	B. reaction 	C. recognition 	D. impression
Question 3: A. opportunity 	B. ability 	C. potential 	D. benefit
Question 4: A. convey 	B. express 	C. produce 	D. identify
Question 5: A. take 	B. make 	C. play 	D. turn
Question 6: A. told 	B. discovered 	C. portrayed 	D. announced
Question 7: A. participate 	B. allow 	C. pay 	D. afford
Question 8: A. suits 	B. lets 	C. enables 	D. manages
Question 9: A. critic 	B. competition 	C. consequence 	D. risk
Question 10: A. affect 	B. manage 	C. relate 	D. deal
PASSAGE 4
THE HISTORY OF BEACH VOLLEYBALL
Beach volleyball is played by people around the world. For some, it is a serious sport. For others, it is simply an enjoyable ... (1) ....which helps them to (2)......fit. It was probably first played in Hawaii in 1915. (3)..........., surfers played this game once in a (4)........., as they were waiting for the right kind of waves to go surfing. But it soon developed into a more serious game and matches started taking place (5)........
Later the game reached California and in 1920, people began playing beach volleyball there. They discovered it was a great way to work (6).............and get plenty of (7)........... air at the same time. Another reason for the game’s (8)............was that it was very cheap. Soon, volleyball nets began appearing on beaches in California and interest in the sport (9)...........
At first, there were six players on each side as in indoor volleyball. But one day in 1930, when only four people turned up for a match, they (10).to play two on each side- which is how we play the game today.
Question 1: A. activity 	B. athlete 	C. method 	D. habit
Question 2: A. make 	B. do 	C. keep 	D. take
Question 3: A. Luckily 	B. Particularly 	C. Properly 	D. Apparently
Question 4: A. time 	B. day 	C. while 	D. week
Question 5: A. regularly 	B. successfully 	C. correctly 	D. probably
Question 6: A. off 	B. up 	C. on 	D. out
Question 7: A. clear 	B. fresh 	C. cool 	D. good
Question 8: A. benefit 	B. attention 	C. popularity 	D. fun
Question 9: A. strengthened 	B. repeated 	C. improved 	D. grew
Question 10: A. considered 	B. decided 	C. included 	D. explained
DẠNG BÀI THI 2
Read the following passage, and mark the letter A, B, C or D to indicate the correct answer to each of the questions:
PASSAGE 1
In the United States, presidential elections are held in years evenly divisible by four (1888, 1900, 1964, etc.). Since 1840, American presidents elected in years ending with zero have died in office, with one exception. William H. Harrison, the man who served the shortest term, died of pneumonia only several weeks after his inauguration. 
Abraham Lincoln was one of four presidents who were assassinated. He was elected in 1860, and his untimely death came just five years later. James A. Garfield, a former Union army general from Ohio, was shot during his first year in office (1881) by a man to whom he wouldn't give a job. While in his second term of office (1901), William McKinley, another Ohioan, attended the Pan-American Exposition in Buffalo, New York. During the reception, he was assassinated while shaking hands with some of the guests. John F. Kennedy was assassinated in 1963 in Dallas only three years after his election. 
Three years after his election in 1920, Warren G, Harding died in office. Although it was never proved, many believe he was poisoned. Franklin D. Roosevelt was elected four times (1932, 1936, 1940 and 1944), the only man to serve so long a term. He had contracted polio in 1921 and eventually died of the illness in 1945. 
Ronald Reagan, who was elected in 1980 and reelected four years later, suffered an assassination attempt but did not succumb to the assassin's bullets. He was the first to break the long chain of unfortunate events. Will the candidate in the election of 2020 also be as lucky?
Question 1: All of the following were election years EXCEPT ________.
	A. 1960 	B. 1930 	C.1888 	D.1824 
Question 2: Which president served the shortest term in office? 
A. Abraham Lincoln B. Warren G. Harding C. William McKinley D. William H. Harrison 
Question 3: Which of the following is true? 
	A. All presidents elected in years ending in zero have died in office.
	B. Only presidents from Ohio have died in office.
	C. Franklin D. Roosevelt completed four terms as president.
	D. Four American presidents have been assassinated.
Question 4: How many presidents elected in years ending in zero since 1840 have died in office? 
	A. 7 	B. 5 	C. 4 	D. 3 
Question 5: The word "inauguration" in the first paragraph means most nearly the same as ________.
	A. election 	B. acceptance speech 
	C. swearing-in ceremony 	D. campaign 
Question 6: All of the following presidents were assassinated EXCEPT ________.
	A. John F. Kennedy 	B. Franklin D. Roosevelt 
	C. Abraham Lincoln 	D. James A. Garfield 
Question 7: The word "whom" in the second paragraph refers to ________.
	A. Garfield 	B. Garfield's assassin 	
	C. a Union army general 	D. McKinley 
Question 8: The word "assassinated" in the second paragraph is closest in meaning to ________
	A. murdered 	B. decorated 	C. honored D. sickened 
Question 9: In the third paragraph, "contracted" is closest in meaning to ________.
	A. communicated about	 B. developed 	C. agree about D. notified 
Question 10: How long did Warren G, Harding work as a president? 
	A. 2 years 	B. 3 years 	C. 4 years D. 4 years 
PASSAGE 2
After inventing dynamite, Swedish-born Alfred Nobel became a very rich man. However, he foresaw its universally destructive powers too late. Nobel preferred not to be remembered as the inventor of dynamite, so in 1895, just two weeks before his death, he created a fund to be used for awarding prizes to people who had made worthwhile contributions to mankind. Originally there were five awards: literature, physics, chemistry, medicine, and peace. 
Economics was added in 1968, just sixty-seven years after the first awards ceremony. Nobel's original legacy of nine million dollars was invested, and the interest on this sum is used for the awards which vary from $30,000 to $125,000. Every year on December 10, the anniversary of Nobel's death, the awards (gold medal, illuminated diploma, and money) are presented to the winners. Sometimes politics plays an important role in the judges' decisions. 
Americans have won numerous science awards, but relatively few literature prizes. No awards were presented from 1940 to 1942 at the beginning of World War II. Some people have won two prizes, but this is rare; others have shared their prizes. No awards were presented from 1940 to 1942 at the beginning of World War 11. Some people have won two prizes, but this is rare; others have shared their prizes. 
Question 1: The word "foresaw" in the first paragraph is nearest in meaning to ________.
	A. prevailed 	B. postponed	C. prevented D. predicted 
Question 2: The Nobel Prize was established in order to ________.
	A recognize worthwhile contributions to humanity B. resolve political differences 
	C. honor the inventor of dynamite	 D. spend money 
Question 3: In which area have Americans received the most awards? 
A. Literature 	B. Peace 	C. Economics D. Science 
Question 4: All of the following statements are true EXCEPT ________.
	A. Awards vary in monetary value 
	B. ceremonies are held on December 10 to commemorate Nobel's invention 
	C. Politics plays an important role in selecting the winners 
	D. A few individuals have won two awards 
Question 5: In how many fields are prizes bestowed? 
	A. 2 	B. 5 	C.6 D. 10 
Question 6: It is implied that Nobel's profession was in ________.
A. chemistry	B. medicine 	C. literature D. science 
Question 7: In the first paragraph, "worthwhile" is closest in meaning to ________.
	A. economic 	B. prestigious 	C. trivial D. valuable 
Question 8: How much money did Nobel leaves for the prizes? 
	A. $30,000	B. $125,000 
	C. $155,000 	D. from $30,000 to $125,000 
Question 9: What is the main idea of this passage? 
	A. Alfred Nobel became very rich when he invented dynamite. 
	B. Alfred Nobel created awards in six categories for contributions to humanity. 
	C. Alfred Nobel left all of his money to science 
	D. Alfred Nobel made a lasting contribution to humanity 
Question 10: The word "legacy" in the second paragraph means most nearly the same as ________.
	A. legend 	B. bequest 	C. prize 	D. debt 
PASSAGE 3
For more than six million American children, coming home after school means coming back to an empty house. Some deal with the situation by watching TV. Some may hide. But all of them have something in common. They spend part of each day alone. They are called “latchkey children”. They are children who look after themselves while their parents work. And their bad condition has become a subject of concern.
Lynette Long was once the principle of an elementary school. She said, “We had a school rule against wearing jewelry. A lot of kids had chains around their necks with keys attached. I was constantly telling them to put the keys inside the shirts. There were so many keys; it never came to my mind what they meant.” Slowly, she learned that they were house keys.
She and her husband began talking to the children who had keys. They learned of the effect working couples and single parents were having on their children. Fear was the biggest problem faced by children at home alone. One in three latchkey children the Longs talked to reported being frightened. Many had nightmares and were worried about their own safety.
The most common was latchkey children deal with their fears is by hiding. They may hide in a shower stall, under a bed or in a closet. The second is TV. They often turn the volume up. It’s hard to get statistics on latchkey children, the Long have learned. Most parents are slow to admit that they leave their children alone.
Question 1: The phrase “an empty house” in the passage mostly means..
A. a house with nothing inside 	B. a house with no people inside
C. a house with too much space 	D. a house with no furniture
Question 2: One thing that the children in the passage share is that
A. They all watch TV. 	B. They all wear jewelry
C. They spend part of each day alone 	D. they are from single- parent families.
Question 3: The phrase “latchkey children” in the passage means children who.
A. look after themselves while their parents are not at home
B. close doors with keys and watch TV by themselves
C. are locked inside houses with latches and keys.
D. like to carry latches and keys with them everywhere
Question 4: The main problem of latchkey children is that they
A. watch too much television during the day
B. are growing in numbers.
C. suffer a lot from being left alone.
D. are also found in middle- class families
Question 5: What is the main idea of the first paragraph?
A. Bad condition of latchkey children.
B. Children’s activities at home
C. How kids spend free time
D. Why kids hate going home
Question 6: Why did a lot of kids have chains around their necks with keys attached?
A. Schools didn’t allow them wear jewelry, so they wore keys instead.
B. They would use the keys to enter their houses when they came home
C. They were fully grown and had become independent.
D. They had to use the keys to open school doors.
Question 7: What do latchkey children suffer most from when they are at home alone?
A. Fear 	B. Tiredness 	C. Loneliness 	D. Boredom
Question 8: Lynette Long learned to latchkey children’s problems by.
A. talking to them 	B. visiting their homes 
C. interviewing their parents 	D. delivering nares
Question 9: What is the most common way for latchkey children to deal with fears?
A. Talking to the Longs 	B. Hiding somewhere 
C. Lying under a TV 	D. Having a shower
Question 10: It’s difficult to find out the number of latchkey children because.
A. they hide themselves in shower stalls or under beds
B. they do not give information about themselves for safety reasons
C. there are too many of them in the whole country
D. most parents are reluctant to admit that they leave their children alone
PASSAGE 4
American Online is one of the big names on the Internet, and unlikely many other digital companies, it actually makes a profit. But the company which its rivals call the “Cyber- cockroach” was launched only in 1992. Before that it was a small firm called control Video Corporation, and it made video games. Then Steve Case, a former Pizza Hut marketing executive arrived and took the company online, innovative, fast moving, and user- friendly, American Online appeals to people who want to surf the Internet, but who do not have a lot of experience. For the same reason “techiest”, people who think they are more expert with computers, look down on American Online and its users. Recently, American Online (or AOL, as it calls itself) joined with Time Warner- a multi- million- dollar movie and magazine company- to create a multimedia giant.
Now, AOL has begun to expand abroad. In many Europe countries, including the United Kingdom, it is hard to buy a computer magazine that does not have a free AOL introductory offer. The company also puts advertisements onto the television, and employs people to hand out its free introductory disks at places like train stations. As the Internet gets faster AOL is changing. With many homes getting high- speech connections through fiber optic cables or the new ADSL technology, the “Cyber- cockroach” will have to show that, like real cockroaches, it can survive in almost any environment. 
Question 1: What is the passage about?
A. A computer company 	B. A software company 
C. An Internet Company 	D. a video company
Question 2: The word “it” refers to............
A. An American Online 	B. Cyber- Cockroach 
C. Control Video Corporation 	D. Digital company
Question 3: Who does Steve Case work for?
 A. AOL 	B. Pizza Huts 	C. Control Video Corporation 	D. None of these
Question 4: How do “techiest” feel about American Online?
A. They think it is a Cyber- cockroach. 	B. They think it is for expert 
C. They think it is a movie and magazine company. 	D. They feel superior to its users.
Question 5: American Online has the following characteristics EXCEPT.......
 A. innovative 	B. fast moving 	C. user- friendly 	D. experienced
Question 6: People who use American Online are probably.......
A. video game players 	B. “techiest” 
C. movie fans 	D. people new to the Internet
Question 7: American Online is an unusual digital company because........
A. it used to make video games 	B. it is innovative 
C. it makes money 	D. it has joined with another company
Question 8: Which marketing idea is not mentioned?
A. Advertisements on the Internet. 	B. Advertisements on TV 
C. Free disks in journals 	D. people giving disks away
Question 9: What does the article say about AOL’s future?
A. It will do well 	B. it will do badly 
C. It will face challenges 	D. The article doesn’t say
Question 10: This passage is about ............
A. technology 	B. a history of the Internet 
C. computer users 	D. a successful business