Lý thuyết và bài tập ôn thi Đại học môn Tiếng Anh hay

USEFUL WRITING STRUCTURES FOR GCSE EXAMINATION
1. Mất bao nhiêu thời gian để  : It + Takes / Took + Object +Time+ To Infinitive .
 ó S + spend / spent + time + V-ing
Examples: She walks to school in thirty minutes. ž It takes her thirty minutes to walk to school.
 ž She spends thirty minutes walking to school.
2.The extra object “It” : S + V + It + Adj / Noun / Noun Phrase + To Infinitive .
 Verbs : think , made , find , feel , believe , consider , prove, seem
Examples: Translating into Vietnamese is a good method. 
 ž I think it a good method to translate into Vietnamese.
 Learning English seems interesting.
 ž I find it interesting to learn English. 
3. Clauses of purpose ó and phrases of purpose : Mệnh đề ó và cụm từ chỉ mục đích.
*** Phrases of Purpose : cụm từ
* Ä Main clause + To / So as to / In order to + Verb ( bare infinitive ). * ÄMain clause + Not to / So as not to / In order not to + Verb ( bare infinitive ). 
* Ä Main clause + In order [ for + Object ]+ ( not ) to infinitive . à( Khác chủ ngữ ) 
*** Clauses of Purpose : mệnh đề can / could 
* ÄMain clause + so that / in order that + S + (not)+Verb (bare infinitive). 
 will / would 
Mệnh đề và cụm từ chỉ mục đích có thể đứng trước hoặc sau mệnh đề chính . 
Examples: 1. Banks are developed so that they can keep people’s money safe. 
 žTo keep people’s money safe , Banks are developed .
 2. The farmer built a high wall around the garden in order that the fruits would not be stolen. 
 žIn order for the fruits not to be stolen , The farmer built a high wall around the garden. 
 3. My father drove carefully in order not to cause accidents. 
 žMy father drove carefully so that he would not cause accidents.
4. Clauses of result ó phrases of result : Mệnh đề ó cụm từ chỉ kết quả. 
*** Clauses of result : 
* S + V + So + Adj / Adv + That + Clause.( S+ can / could + (not) +Verb (bare infinitive))
* S + V + Such + (A /An) + Adj + Noun + That + Clause. 
*** Phrases of result : 
* S + V + Too + Adj / Adv + ( For + Object ) + To Infinitive .
* S + V + Adj / Adv + Enough + ( For + Object ) + To Infinitive . 
( Tính Từ Trái Nghĩa )
1
Bad
:
Xấu
#
Good, fine
:
Tốt, đẹp
2
Beautiful
:
Đẹp
#
Ugly
:
Xấu xí
3
Big
:
Bự, lơn
#
Small
:
Xấu xí
4
Bored
:
Buồn tẻ
#
Amused,excited
:
Vui
5
Boring
:
Buồn chán
#
Interesting
:
Hay, hấp dẫn
6
Bright
:
Sáng
#
Dark
:
Tối
7
Busy
:
Bận rộn
#
Free
:
Rãnh rỗi
8
Careful(ly)
:
Cẩn thận
#
Careless(ly)
:
Bất cẩn
9
Cheap
:
Rẻ
#
Expensive
:
Mắc, đắt tiền
10
Clever
:
Khéo léo
#
Silly, stupid
:
Ngớ ngẩn
11
Cloudy
:
Có mây
#
Cloudless
:
Không có mây
12
Cold
:
Lạnh lẽo
#
Hot
:
Nóng
13
Coll
:
Mát mẻ
#
Warm
:
Am
14
Difficult
:
Khó
#
Easy
:
Dễ
15
Difficulty
:
Khó
#
Easily
:
Dễ
16
Dirty
:
Bẩn thỉu
#
Clean, pure
:
Sạch, trong lành
17
Dry
:
Khô
#
Wet
:
Ướt
18
Early
:
Sớm
#
Late
:
Trễ
19
Easy
:
Dễ
#
Hard, difficult
:
Khó
20
Empty
:
Trống không
#
Full
:
Đầy
21
Excited
:
Hay
#
Bored
:
Buồn, dở
22
Exciting
:
Hay
#
Boring, bad
:
Buồn, dở
23
Far
:
Xa
#
Near
:
Gần
24
Fast
:
Nhanh
#
Slow
:
Chậm chạp
25
Free
:
Rãnh rỗi
#
Busy
:
Bận
26
Good
:
Tốt, giỏi
#
Bad
:
Dở, tệ, xấu
27
Happy
:
Vui
#
Sad, bored
:
Buồn
28
Hard
:
Cứng, khó
#
Soft, easy
:
Mềm, dễ
29
High
:
Cao
#
Low
:
Thấp
30
Hot
:
Nóng
#
Cold
:
Lạnh
31
Hungry
:
Đói
#
Full
:
No
32
Interesting
:
Hay
#
Boring, bad
:
Buồn, dở
33
Large
:
Lớn
#
Small
:
Nhỏ
34
Late
:
Trễ, khuya
#
Early
:
Sớm
35
Lazy (lazily)
:
Lười biếng
#
Hard
:
Siêng năng
36
Light
:
Nhẹ
#
Heavy
:
Nặng
37
Light
:
Sáng
#
Dark
:
Tối, sậm
38
Long
:
Dài
#
Short
:
Ngắn
39
Near
:
Gần
#
Far
:
Xa
40
New
:
Mới
#
Old
:
Cũ
41
Noisy / noisily
:
On ào
#
Quiet / quietly
:
Yên tịnh
42
Old
:
Cũ, già
#
New, young
:
Mới, trẻ
43
Polluted
:
O nhiễm
#
Pure
:
Trong lành
44
Poor
:
Nghèo
#
Rich
:
Giàu
45
Quick(ly)
:
Nhanh
#
Slow(ly)
:
Chậm
46
Quiet
:
Yên tĩnh
#
Noisy
:
On ào
47
Right
:
Đúng
#
Wrong
:
Sai
48
Sad
:
Buồn
#
Happy, amused
:
Vui
49
Short
:
Ngắn, thấp
#
Long, tall
:
Dài, cao
50
slow(ly)
:
chậm
#
Quick(ly)
:
Nhanh
51
Soft
:
Mềm
#
Hard
:
Cứng
52
Strong
:
Mạnh
#
Weak, ill
:
Yếu, bệnh
53
True
:
Đúng
#
Untrue, false
:
Sai
54
Warm
:
Am
#
Cool
:
Mát
55
Well
:
Giỏi
#
Badly
:
Dở, tệ
56
Wrong
:
Sai
#
Right, true
:
Đúng
Examples: 1. The exercises were so difficult that the students can’t finish them.
 ž They were such difficult exercises that the students can’t finish them.
 ž The exercises were too difficult for the students to finish them.
 ž The exercises were not easy enough for the students to finish them.
 2. The tea was too hot for him to drink.
 ž The tea was so hot that he could not drink it.
 ž It was such hot tea that he could not drink it.
 ž The tea was not cold enough for him to drink.
5. Wish Clauses : Mệnh đề ao ước.
*** Future wish : S + wish + S + would / could + Verb ( bare inf ). 
*** Present wish : 
 S + wish + S + were (not) / Verb (cột 2 / ed) / didn’t verb (bare infinitive).
*** Past wish : S + wish + S + Had (not) + Verb (pp).
Examples: 1. He will get there by motorbike. ž I wish he wouldn’t get there by motorbike.
 2. I can’t speak English fluently. ž I wish I could speak English fluently
 3. My friends don’t take part in the game. ž I wish my friend took part in the game.
 4. I didn’t know that Alice was ill. ž I wish I had known that Alice was ill.
6. Clauses of reason /concession ó phrases of reason /concession: Mệnh đề chỉ lí do / sự nhượng bộ
ó cụm từ chỉ lí do / sự nhượng bộ
 Because / although / though  ó Because of / In spite of / despite
*** S + be + adj Possessive + noun
*** The / possessive +N+ be + adj The / possessive + adj + N
*** S + V (tenses ) +  ( Possessive ) + ( not ) + V-ing
 * Nếu 2 mệnh đề nối với nhau bằng “BUT” . Khi viết lại câu với Although / though, ta chỉ cần bỏ “BUT” rồi đưa although / though vào mệnh đề đầu.
. ( Clauses and phrases of reason /concession )
Adjective D Noun
 Tired š Tiredness
 Sick š Sickness
 Ill š Illness
 Late š Lateness
Kind š Kindness
Lazy š Laziness
Sad š Sadness
Dark š Darkness
Adjective D Noun
Important š Importance
 Different š Difference
 Absent š Absence
 Honest š Honesty
 Difficult š Difficulty
 Poor š Poverty
 Noisy š The noise
 Invent š The invention of
Examples: 1. Because he is lazy , he often gets bad marks .
 ž Because of his laziness , he often gets bad marks .
 2. Because the husbands were absent, women went to work in factories.
 žBecause of the absent husbands ,women went to work in factories.
 žBecause of the husbands’ absence , women went to work in factories.
 3. Although she didn’t ask him, he helped her.
 ž In spite of her not asking him , he helped her.
 4. It was raining heavily, but the boys were playing football.
 žAlthough/though It was raining heavily,the boys were playing football. 
7. Comparision of Adjectives and Adverbs: Câu so sánh
*** Equal Comparisions: 
 S + V + as / so + adj / adv + as + noun / pronoun.
*** Unequal Comparisions: Short adj / adv + er 
 S + V + + than + noun / pronoun.
 More + long adj / adv
*** Superlatives: Short adj / adv + EST
 S + V + the + + ( prepositional phrase )
 Most + long adj / adv 
*** Double comparations: so sánh kép : Càng  càng 
 * The + short adj / adv + er + S + V, The + short adj / adv + er + S + V.
 * The more + long adj / adv + S + V, The more + long adj / adv + S + V.
Notes : 1. Good / well žbetter ž the best
 2. Bad / badly žworse ž the worst
 3. Many / much žmore ž the most
 4. Little žless ž the least
 5. Far žfurther/farther (Khoảng cách) ž the further/farther (Khoảng cách) 
Examples: 1. Mary is certainly more intelligent than her sister .
 žMary’s sister is certainly not so intelligent as Mary / her.
 2. You don’t speak English as fluently as she. žShe speaks English more fluently than you (do).
 3. Today is not sunny as yesterday. žYesterday is sunnier than today.
 4. I know him better than you. žYou don’t know him so well as me. 
 5. Nobody in the team plays football so well as Tom.
 žTom is the best football player in the team.
 6. The sooner you leave, the earlier you will arrive.
 7. The hotter it is, the more miserable I feel.
8. Reported speech: Câu tường thuật
*** Các dạng câu chuyển gián tiếp:
1. Câu mệnh lệnh,yêu cầu: 
* Câu mệnh lệnh,yêu cầu có các dạng:
 	 “(Don’t)+V+..+(please)”
 	“Will/Would/Can/Could+S+(not)++(please)?”
 	“Would you mind+(not)+V-ing+..?”
=>S+ told / asked/warned(cảnh báo) / begged (cầu xin) / ordered (ra lệnh) / reminded(nhắc nhở) + O + (not) toV
Ex: “Listen carefully” The teacher said to us => The teacher told/asked us to listen carefully.
 -“Don’t make noise, Jim” The perfect said. => The perfect ordered Jim not to make noise.
 -“Would you mind putting out your cigarette?” said a woman.
 =>A woman reminded me to put out my cigarette.
*Câu yêu cầu với động từ tường thuật “asked” có dạng:
 	 -“I’d like+..”
 	 -“Can/Could I have+..”
 Khi chuyển gián tiếp ta áp dụng công thức: S+ asked (+O) + for + st +..
 Ex: In the café, the man said: “I’d like a cup of tea”. =>The man asked for a cup of tea. 
2. Lời khuyên:
 -Lời khuyên có các dạng:
 	 “S+should(not)/ought (not) to/had better(not)+V+..”
 	 “Why don’t you+V+.”
 	 “If I were you, I would+V+.”
 => S1 + said + (to + O) + that + S2 + should + V+.
 =>S + advised / encouraged (khuyến khích) + O + to V+.
 Ex: “You should run faster” The teacher said. 	=>The teacher said that I should run faster.
 	 =>The teacher advised me to run faster.
 “Why don’t you take off your coat?” She said.	 =>She advised me to take off my coat.
 -“If I were you, I would stop smoking” He said.	 =>He advised me to stop smoking.
 -“Go on, apply for the job” Mrs. Smith said.	=> Mrs. Smith encouraged me to apply for the job”
3. Câu trần thuật:
 Câu trần thuật có dạng: “S+V(s/es/ed/pI/pII)+.”
 =>S + said + that + S+V (lùi thì) +
 Ex: “I will have an important contest tomorrow.” She said.
 =>She said that she would have an important contest the next day.
4. Câu hỏi:
 ** Yes /No questions:
 Yes/No question có dạng: “Trợ động từ+S+V+..?”
 => S1 + asked + O +if / whether + S2 (O) + V (lùi thì) +
 Ex: “Do you like SNSD?” Seohyun said to Kyuhyun.
 => Seohyun asked Kyuhyun if / whether he liked SNSD.
 ** Wh questions:
 Wh questions có dạng: “Wh + trợ động từ + S+V+..?”
 =>S1+ asked +O + Wh + S2 (O) + V(lùi thì) +.
 Ex: “Where will you go tomorrow?” She said.
 =>She asked me where I would go the next day.
5. Lời mời,gợi ý:
 ** Lời mời:
 Lời mời có dạng: “Would you like+Noun/toV+?”
 =>S + invited + O + to V+
 Ex: “Would you like to come to my birthday party?” Su said to Seohyun.
 => Su invited Seohyun to come to his birthday party.
 ** Lời gợi ý:
 Lời gợi ý có dạng: “Let’s+V+..!”= “Shall we+V+..?”
 “What/How about+V-ing/N+?”
 “Why don’t we/you+V+.?”
 * Nếu chủ ngữ tham gia vào hành động. (“Let’s+V+!” ; “Shall we+V+?” ; 
 “What / How about +V-ing / N+?” “Why don’t we +V+.?”):
 => S + suggested + V-ing + 
 * Nếu chủ ngữ không tham gia vào hành động mà chỉ gợi ý cho người khác.
 ( “Why don’t you +V+.?”) =>S1 + suggested + that + S2 + should + V+
 Ex: “Let’s go to the movies” The boy said. =>The boy suggested going to the movies.
 “Why don’t you go out for a drink?” Trung said to Nga. 
 =>Trung suggested that Nga should go out for a drink.
 ** Những câu có dạng:
 	“I’ll + V+..+if you like.”
 	“Shall/Can/Could I+V+.?”
 	 “Would you like me + to V+..?”
 Khi chuyển gián tiếp ta sử dụng động từ tường thuật “offered” công thức:
 => 	S + offered + to V+. + if you like.
 Ex: “Would you like me to finish the work tonight?  
 =>I offered to finish the work tonight if you like.
 “I’ll do your housework for you if you like” She said.
 =>She offered to do my housework for me if I liked.
 6. Câu cảm thán:
 * Câu cảm thán có dạng:
 	 “What + (a/an) + adj +Noun!”
 	 “How + adj + S+ V!”
=> S1 + exclaimed + that + S2+V/be (lùi thì)+..
 Ex: “What a lovely teddy bear!” The girl said.
 => “How lovely the teddy bear is! The girl said.
 => The girl exclaimed that the teddy bear was lovely.
7.Lời nhắc nhở:. 
 “Remember”	Khi chuyển sang gián tiếp ta áp dụng cấu trúc sau: 
 “Don’t forget” ó S + reminded + sb+ toV+.
 Ex: She said to me; “Don’t forget to ring me up tomorrow evening”
 => She reminded me to ring her up the next eveining. 
 8. Sự đồng ý về quan điểm như: all right, yes, of course (áp dụng cấu trúc sau): 
 S + agreed + to V
 Ex: “All right, I’ll wait for you” He said.
 => He agreed to wait for me.
 9. Câu trực tiếp diễn tả điều mong muốn như: would like, wish.Khi chuyển gián tiếp áp dụng cấu trúc:
 S + wanted + O + to V+
 Ex: “I’d like Trung to be a famous person.”Trung’s English teacher.
 => Trung’s English teacher wanted him to be a famous person.
 10. Từ chối : S + refused + to V +
 Ex: ‘No, I won’t lend you my car” => He refused to lend me his car.
 11. Lời hứa: S + promised to V+..
 Ex: ‘I’ll send you a card on your birthday” => He promised to send me a card on my birthday.
 12.Cảm ơn,xin lỗi:
 * Cảm ơn: S + thanked (+O)(for+V-ing/st) +..
 Ex: “It was nice of you to help me. Thank you very much,” Tom said to you.
 =>Tom thanked me for helping him.
 * Xin lỗi: S+ apologized (+to O)+for(+not)+(V-ing/st)+.
 Eg: “I’m sorry I’m late,” Peter said. =>Peter apologized for being late.
 13.Chúc mừng:
S + congratulated + O + on + V-ing/st+
Ex: John said, “I heard you received the scholarship. Congratulations!”
=> John congratulated me on receiving the scholarship.
 14. . Mơ ước:
 S + dreamed + of + V-ing/st+..
Ex: “I want to pass the exam with flying colours,” John said.
 => John dreamed of passing the exam with flying colours.
 “I’ve always wante to be rich, ” Bob said .
 => Bob had always dreamed of being rich.
15.Một số câu cần nhớ:
 -She said, "Curse(nguyền rủa) this dog!" =>She cursed the dog.
 -She said, "Luck!" => She wished me luck.
 -She said, "Thank you very much!" => She thanked me very much.
 -She said, "Congratulations!" => She congratulated me.
 -She said, "Traitor(kẻ phản bội)/Liar(kẻ dối trá)!" 
 => She called me a traitor/liar.
 -She said, "Happy Christmas!" => She wished me a happy Christmas.
 -She said, "Hell!(chết tiệt)" => She swore(chửi rủa).
 -The notice said: "Welcome to Edinburgh" => The notice welcomed visitors to Edinburgh.
 -"Good!" he exclaimed =>He gave an exclamation of pleasure/satisfaction.
 -“Ugh(Ối;Eo ơi)!" she exclaimed, and turned the programme off 
 => With an exclamation of disgust(làm phẫn nộ) she turned the programme off.
 -“Hello John”She said. => She greeted John. 
 16. Các hình thức hỗn hợp trong lời nói gián tiếp: (mixed forms in reported speech)
 Lời nói trực tiếp có thể bao gồm nhiều hình thức hỗn hợp: câu khẳng định, câu hỏi, câu mệnh lệnh, câu cảm thán:
 Ex: 1. He said, “Can you play the guitar?” and I said “No”
 ® He asked me if I could play the guitar and I said that I couldn’t.
 2. “I don’t know the way. Do you? He asked.
 ® He said that he didn’t know the way and asked her if she knew it.
 3. “I’m going to shopping. Can I get you something? She said
 ® She said that she was going to shopping and asked if she could get me anything.
 4. “Hello Seohyun!Where are you going now?” Su said.
 ®Su greeted and asked Seohyun Where she was going then.
 Thay đổi trạng ngữ chỉ nơi chốn và thời gian cho phù hợp.
 * This ž That / The * These ž Those / The * Here ž There 
 * Now ž Then * Today ž That day * Ago ž Before 
 * Tonight ž That night
 * Yesterday ž The day before / The previous day 
 * Tomorrow ž The day after / The following day
 * Next week ž The week after / The following week 
Notes : Khi gặp câu điều kiện loại II & III, câu có thời gian xác định cụ thể ž không lùi thì .
* Không thay đổi thì của mệnh đề sau “wish’
 Ex: He said; “I wish I had a lot of money” ® He wishes (that) he had a lot of money 
* Không thay đổi thì của mệnh đề sau “It’s (high/ about) time”
 Ex: She said; “It’s about time you went to bed; children”
 ® She told her children that It’s about time they went to bed 
* Không thay đổi thì của mệnh đề đi sau ‘would rather, would sooner”
 Ex: She said; “I would rather you stayed at home” ® She said that she would rather I stayed at hone.
* Không thay đổi thì của:
 Could, would, might, should 
 Ought, had better, need 	trong câu nói gián tiếp .	
Ex: She said; “I could do the homework ® She said the she could do the homework 
* Động từ trong câu nói trực tiếp có thời gian xác định:
 Ex: He said, “I was born in 1980” ® he said that he was born in 1980.
* Mệnh đề trạng ngữ chỉ thời gian trong câu phức có thì quá khứ đơn và quá khứ tiếp diễn
Ex: “I saw him when he was going to the cinema” ® She said she saw him when she was going to the cinema
Examples: : 1. “Hurry up , Lan”
 ž He told Lan To hurry up.
 2. “Don’t leave the room”
 ž He ordered them Not to leave the room.
 3. "Be modest if you are a good pupil”, said my father.
 ž My father told me to be modest if I was a good pupil.
 4. "I ‘ll take these with me”, he said.
 ž He said he would take those with him.
 5. "Did you phone me yesterday?”Peter asked Mary.
 ž Peter asked Mary If / Whether she had phoned her the day before / the previous day.
 6. The teacher asked “Which book are you taking, John?”
 ž The teacher wanted to know which book John was taking .
9. Đổi thì khi viết câu: Quá khứ thường ó Hiện tại hoàn thành
*** Started/Began+to inf/V-ing+time ago. žHas/have+V(3/ed) +since/for+time.
 žHas/have+been+V-ing+since/for+time.
*** S + has / have + not + V ( 3 / ed ) +(O)+ since / for + time.
 ž S + last + V ( 2 / ed ) + (O) + time ago.
 ž It ‘s + time + since + S + V ( 2 / ed ) + (O).
 ž The last time + S + V ( 2 / ed ) + (O) + was + time ago.
*** S + has / have + never / not + V ( 3 / ed ) + O + before. 
 ž This is the first time + S + has / have + V ( 3 / ed ) + O.
*** S + has / have + never / not + V ( 3 / ed ) + such + ( a/an ) + N + before.
 ž This is the first time + S + has / have + V ( 3 / ed ) + such + ( a/an ) + N.
 ž This / It is the most + long adj + N + S + has / have + ever + V ( 3 / ed ) .
 the short adj + EST + N + S + has / have + ever + V ( 3 / ed ) .
Examples: 1. I started studying English six years ago. ž I have 
 2. They have not gone on a picnic for many months. ž They last  
 3. She has never seen him before. ž It is the 
 4. The last time I met him was two weeks ago. ž I .
 5. I have never heard such a beatiful song before. ž This is .. 
11. Inversion : Cấu trúc đảo ngữ.
Khi các trạng từ mang nghĩa phủ định ( Seldom , Rarely , Never , No sooner , Hardly , Not until , No longer  ) được đặt ở đầu câu. ž Phải đảo ngữ trợ từ.
Examples: : 1. I seldom come there at night. žSeldom do I come there at night . 
 2. People didn’t discover Aids until 1981. žNot until 1981 did people discover Aids.
 ž It was not until 1981 that people discovered Aids.
 3. We have never seen such a wonderful sight before.
 žNever have we seen such a wonderful sight before.
 4. She had not gone to bed until her father got home from work.
 žNot until her father got home from work had she gone to bed.
12. Active and passive voice : Câu chủ động D Câu bị động
Tenses
 Active D
Passive
1. Simple present 
2. Simple past
 S1 + V1(s/es) + O
 S1 + V1(cột 2 / ed) + O
 S2 + am / is / are + V1(pp)
 S2 + was / were + V1(pp)
3. Present continuous
4. Past continuous
 S1 + AM / IS / ARE + V1-ing
 S1 + WAS / WERE + V1-ing
 S2+Am/Is/Are + Being +V1(pp)
 S2+Was/Were + Being +V1(pp)
5. Present / past perfect
 S1 + HAS / HAVE + V1(pp)
 HAD
 S2+ Has / Have + Been+ V1(pp)
 Had
6. Modal verbs
 S1 + MODAL + V (bare inf)
 S2 + MODAL + Be +V1 (pp)
Modals : can,could,will,would,shall,should,may,might,must,used to,have to,has to,had to 
* Chủ ngữ trong câu chủ động là :I,we,you,he,she,it,they,people,someone,somebody
Khi đổi sang câu bị động là: by me,us,you,him,her,it,them,people,somebody.thì bỏ đi.
* Chủ ngữ câu chủ động là nobody , no one , nothing  khi đổi sang câu bị động thì chuyển động từ (be) chia theo “S” mới và thì ở phủ định rồi chuyển V1 thành V+ ed / pp.
* Nếu trong câu chủ động có 2 tân ngữ, một trong 2 tân ngữ có thể làm chủ ngữ trong câu bị động.
* By + O đứng trước trạng ngữ chỉ thời gian và đứng sau trạng ngữ chỉ nơi chốn trong câu bị động . 
* Nếu tân ngữ trong câu bị động chỉ sự vật , sự việc thì dùng giới từ “with” thay cho “by” trước tân ngữ đó .
* Nếu tân ngữ câu chủ động là anybody , anyone , anything  khi đổi sang câu bị động phải chuyển thành S => nobody , no one , nothing  và chuyển động từ sang thể ngược lại.
*** Câu bị động đặc biệt : 
 1. Câu bị động với think/believe/say:
 CĐ: S1 (People,They,..)+ V1 (say/think/believe) that + clause (S2 + V 2(chia) + . )
ó BĐ: S2+ is/am/are+ said/thought/believed+to V2
 To have + PII (nếu V2 lùi 1 thì so với V 1)
 It+ is/am/are+ said/thought/believed that+ clause 
 To be ở câu bị động được chia theo thì của V1 trong câu chủ động 
Ex: People believe that 13 is an unlucky number.
 =>13 is believed to be an unlucky number. =>It is believed that 13 is an unlucky number.
 They thought that Mai had gone away. =>Mai was thought to have gone away.
 =>It was thought that Mai had gone away.
2. Câu bị động với “have”:
 CĐ: S+ have/has/had sb do st ó BĐ: S+have/has/had st done (by sb)
 Ex: I had him repair my bicycle yesterday. =>I had my bicycle repaired yesterday.
3. Câu bị động với “get”:
 CĐ: S+ get/gets/got sb to do st ó BĐ: S+ get/gets/got st done (by sb) ...
 Ex: I got him to repair my car last week. => I got my car repaired last week.
 4. Câu bị động với “make”:
 CĐ: S+ make/made sb do st  ó BĐ: (sb)+ is / are / was / were made to do st 
 Ex: The step mother made Littele Pea do the chores all day. 
 => Littele Pea was made to do the chores all day.
 5. Need:
 CĐ: S + need (chia) to do st ó BĐ: (st) + need (chia) to be done ó (st) + (need) doing. 
 Ex: You need to cut your hair. =>Your hair needs to be cut. => Your hair needs cutting.
Examples: 1. People speak Enghish all over the world. ž Enghish is spoken all over the world.
 2. Is she making a new dress for her mother? ž Is a new dress being made for her mother?
 3. The boys broke the window and took away some pictures. 
 ž The window was broken and somes pictures were taken away by the boys .
 4. You must clean the wall before you paint it. ž The wall must be cleaned before it is painted .
 5. He can’t see anything. ž Nothing can be seen ( by him ) .
 6. John gave me a present. ž I was given a present by John .
 ž A present was given for me by John. 
 7. Alice saw Ann last week. ž Ann was seen by Alice last week.
 8. Mr Smith found the boy in the park. ž The boy was found in the park by Mr Smith.
 9. Smoke filled the room	 ž The room was filled with smoke .
 10. I had him repair my bicycle yesterday. ž I had my bicycle repaired ( by him ) yesterday.
 11. I get her to make some coffee.	 ž I get some coffee made ( by her )
13. Relative clauses : Mệnh đề quan hệ
*** Who: used for people (Subject) Ì Who + Verb
*** Whom: used for people (Object / him, her, them, you, us, me) Ì whom + S + Verb / Clause.
*** Whose: used to show possession (his, her, their, your, our, my) Ì whose + Noun 
*** Which: used for things (Subject / Object) Ì which + (S) + Verb / Clause. 
*** Where: used to modify a place Ì At / In / On + which / there / here.
*** When: used to modify a noun of time Ì At / In / On + which / then
*** Why: used to introduce a reason Ì the reason, for the reason 
Notes :1. Nếu có các cụm từ : Neither of them ,All of them ,Some of them , Any of them 
 Ä Neither of / All of / Some of / Any of  + which / whom
 2. Chỉ sử dụng whom or which sau các giới từ.
 3. Không được dùng that trong mệnh đề quan hệ không giới hạn.(có dấu phẩy)
 4. Phải dùng that trong mệnh đề quan hệ có tiền danh từ là một hỗn hợp cả người và vật.
Examples: 1. I don’t know the reason . She left school fot it.
 ž I don’t know the reason ( for which ) . she left school .
 2. This is the house . We often stay in this house in the summer.
 ž This is the house ( in which) . we often stay in the summer .
 3. Can you arrange the time ? We can have another discussion at that time.
 ž Can you arrange the time ( at which ) . we can have another discussion ?
 4. The man is my father . I respect his opinion best.
 ž The man . opinion I respect most is my father .
 5. The taxi driver is friendly . He took me to yhe airport.
 ž The taxi driver . took me to the airport is friendly .
 6. Mary and Margaret are twins . You met them yesterday. 
 ž Mary and Margaret , . you met yesterday , are twins .
 7. I look at the moon . It was very bright that evening.
 ž I look at the moon . was very bright that evening .
 8. That is the man to . I spoke this morning. 
14. Conditional clauses: If clauses Main clauses 
*** Real condition : Có thật / có thể xảy ra ở tương lai
 If + S + V(s/es) / am, is, are, S + will/shall/can/may (not) + V (bare inf)
*** Present unreal condition: Không thật ở hiện tại. / Trái thực tế.
 If + S + V (2/ed) / were (not), S + would/could/should/might (not) + V (bare inf)
 Didn’t + V(bare inf)
*** Past unreal condition: Không thật ở quá khứ 
 If + S + had (not) + V (3/ed), S + would/could/should/might (not) + have + V (3/ed) 
Notes : 1. Đối với câu điều kiện loại 2 (were) hoặc loại 3 ( had+V3/ed) , ta có thể đảo ngữ và bỏ “IF”.
 2. Unless = If  not : If clauses ž Unless
 Thể phủ định ž khẳng định ( mệnh đề chính không đổi )
 Thể khẳng định ž khẳng định (đổi động từ trong mệnh đề chính sang thể ngược lại) 
 3. V (bare inf) + O + or + Clause ž If + Clause ( phủ định ) , Clause
 Clause + by + V-ing ž If + Clause ( khẳng định ) , Clause
 Without + N / N phrase ,Clause ž If there (be) not + N / N phrase ,Clause
 4. Cấu trúc BUT FOR. Nó thay thế cho cấu trúc " If ....not". Dạng này thường sử dụng trong văn phong lịch sự.
 Form:But for + Noun, S + .
 Ex: If you hadn't helped us, we would have been in trouble.
 => But for your help, we would have been in trouble.
Examples: 1. If you had learnt / learned hard, you wouldn’t have failed the exam last year.
 ž Had you learnt / learned hard , you wouldn’t have failed the exam last year .
 2. If she does not water these trees, they will die.
 ž Unless she waters these trees , they will die .
 3. If we had more rain, our crops would grow faster.
 ž Unless we had more rain , our crops would not grow faster.
 4. Be calm, or you will make a wrong decision. 
 ž If you are not calm , you will make a wrong decision.
 5. Without the sun, man would live in the darkness.
 ž If there were not the sun , man would live in the darkness.
15. Special verbs 
*** have/ get / make: 
to have sb do st ó to get sb to do st ó to have / get st done
Examples: 1. Mary had John wash the car. ó Mary got John to wash the car. 
 2. Mary got the car washed. ó Mary had the car washed.
*** Buộc ai phải làm gì:
to make sb do st ó to force sb to do st
Ex: The robber forced the teller to give him the money. ó The robber made the teller give him the money.
to make sb do st ó to cause st +P2
Ex: Working all night on Friday made me tired on Saturday.
The hurricane caused many water front houses damaged.
*** Let. 
let sb do st ó to allow / permit sb to do st 
Ex: John let his daughter swim with her friends. ó John allowed his daughter to swim with her friends.
(John permitted his daughter to swim with her friends.)
The teacher let the students leave class early. / The policeman let the suspect make one phone call.
Dr. Jones is letting the students hand in the papers on Monday.
Mrs. Binion let her son spend the night with a friend. / We are going to let her write the letter.
Mr. Brown always lets his children watch cartoons on Saturday mornings.
PRACTICAL REWRITING EXERCISES 
I. Complete the second sentence so that it has a similar meaning to the first sentence. Use the word given and other words to complete each sentence. 
1. Mr. Holton only operated because he knew the rumour was malignant 
® Mr. Holton wouldn't..............................................................................................................
2. All that stood between John and a gold medal was Jim's greater speed
® But for .................................................................................................................................
3. Immediately after their arrival, things went wrong.
® No sooner.
4. He was so tired that he fell asleep before the end of the film
® He was too.............................................................................................................................
5. Hearing that an earthquake had occurred was a great shock to us.
® We were ..............................................................................................................................
6. The decorators have finished our first floor.
® We have .............................................................................................................................
7. Her hobby is one thing that she does not intend to give up.
® She has ...............................................................................................................................
8. That is the best meal I have ever eaten. 
® I have never ............................. ..................