Đề cương ôn thi môn Tiếng Anh Lớp 11: Lược bỏ đại từ quan hệ

OMISSION OF RELATIVE PRONOUNS (LƯỢC BỎ ĐẠI TỪ QUAN HỆ)
Trong mệnh đề quan hệ (MĐQH) xác định (definite relative clauses), chúng ta thường lược bỏ đại từ quan hệ làm tân ngữ (object relative pronouns: which, who(m), that), nhất là trong lối văn thân mật (informal style).
Ex: What did you think of the wine we drank last night?
(Anh nghỉ sao về loại rượu chúng ta uống tối qua?)
Don is a friend I stayed with in Australia.
(Don là người bạn mà tôi sống cùng ở úc)
- Các trạng từ quan hệ (relative adverbs) when, where và why cũng có thể được lược bỏ trong lối văn thân mật
+ When thường được lược bỏ sau các danh từ chung chỉ thời gian.
Ex: Come and see us any time you’re in town. (Khi nào lên thành phố nhớ đến thăm chúng tối nhé)
I’ll never forget the day we met. (Tôi sẽ không bao giờ quên ngày chúng ta gặp nhau.)
+ Where thường được lược bỏ sau somewhere, anywhere, nowhere và place.
Ex: We need a place we can stay for a few days.
( Chúng tôi cần một nơi để ở trong vài ngày.)
Have you got somewhere I can lie down for an hour.
(Bạn có chỗ nào cho tôi ngã lưng trong một giờ không?)
+ Why thường được lược bỏ sau reason.
Ex: The reason she doesn’t like me is that I make her nervous. (Lý do cô ấy không thích tôi là vì tôi làm cô ấy căng thẳng.)
 Ä Không lược bỏ đại từ và trạng từ quan hệ trong MĐQH không xác định (non- definite relative clauses)
Ex: Professor Johnson, who(m) I’ve long admired, is to visit the University next week.
(Giáo sư Johnson, người mà tôi ngưỡng mộ bấy lâu, sẽ đến thăm trường vào tuần tới.)
[NOT Professor Johnson, I’ve long admired,]
RELATIVE CLAUSE WITH PREPOSITIONS (GIỚI TỪ TRONG MỆNH ĐỀ QUAN HỆ)
Trong MĐQH, khi đại từ quan hệ (ĐTQH) làm tân ngữ của giới từ thì giới từ thường có hai vị trí: trước các ĐTQH (whom, which, whose) hoặc sau động từ.
- Trong lối văn trang trọng (formal style), giới từ thường được đặt trước ĐTQH whom, which và whose.
Ex: He was respected by the people with whom he worked. (Ông ấy được những người cùng làm việc kính trọng.)
Was that the restaurant to which you normally go?
(Đó có phải là nhà hàng mà bạn thường đến không?)
Mr Marks, across whose farm the stream flow, is unhappy about the plans for the new dam. (Ông Marks, chủ của nông trại nơi dòng suối chảy qua, không hài lòng về kế hoạch xây dựng đập nước mới.)
- Trong lối nói thân mật (informal style), giới từ thường được đặt ở cuối mệnh đề. Hay ĐTQH có thê là bổ ngữ của giới từ có thể bỏ đi được nhưng giới từ phải giữ lại và đứng cuối mệnh đề
Ex: He was respected by the people (who/that) whom he worked with.
Was that the restaurant (which/that) which you normally go to?
Mr Marks, whose farm the stream flow across, is unhappy about the plans for the new dam.
Ex: She is the woman. I told you about her.
She is the woman 	about whom	I told you.
She is the woman 	whom	I told you about
She is the woman 	that 	I told you about.
She is the woman 	 Ø	I told you about. 
Ex: The music was wonderful. We listened to it last night.
The music 	to which 	we listened last night was wonderful.
The music 	which 	we listened to last night was wonderful.
The music 	that 	we listened to last night was wonderful.
The music 	Ø 	we listened to last night was wonderful.
: Lưu ý
- Giới từ không đặt trước THAT hoặc WHO.
Ex: He was respected by the people with whom he worked.
[NOT  the people with who/ that he worked.]
- Với cụm động từ (Phrasal Verbs: look after, come across, fill in, take on, v.v) thì giới từ không được dùng trước ĐTQH.
Ex: The Roman coins, which a local farmer came across in a field, are now on display in the National Museum. (Những đồng tiền La Mã, vốn được một nông dân địa phương tìm thấy trên cánh đồng, đang được trưng bày trong Viện bảo tàng quốc gia.)
[NOT coins, across which a local farmer came in a field, are..]
Here’s the book that you were looking for . (Cuốn sách bạn đang tìm đây nè.) [NOTfor that you were looking.]
- Các giới từ without, during và since thường không được đặt cuối MĐQH.
Ex: The woman without whom I can’t live is Jane. (Người phụ nữ mà tôi không thể sống thiếu cô ấy chính là Jane.) [NOT the woman whom I can’t live without]
During which period did it happen? (Việc đó xảy ra vào khoảng thời gian nào?) 
[NOT Which period did it happen during?]
Since when have you been working for her? (Bạn bắt đầu làm việc cho bà ta từ lúc nào?)
[NOT when have you been working for her since ?]
- Of which, of whom, of whose được dùng sau các từ chỉ số lượng (all, both, each, many, most neither, none, some,) và dạng so sánh nhất (the best, the biggest,)
Ex: Jane have three brothers, all of whom are married. (Jane có 3 anh trai, tất cả đều đã lập gia đình.) [NOT , all whom/ all of who ]
Exercise 1:For question 1- 36, choose from the four options given (marked A, B,C, and D) one best answer to complete each sentence.
She had been assisted by a stranger .. her motor and drove her safety.
Who started 	b. whom starting 	c. starting 	d. that will start
With our senses, we perceive everything 
Is around us 	c. whom is around us
That is around us 	d. whose is around us
The volunteers,  enthusiasm was obvious, finished the work quickly.
Who 	b. whom 	c. whose 	d. that
The musicians . yesterday have played together for many years.
To who we listened 	c. to that we listened
Who we listened to 	d. to whom we listened 
Many scientists have claimed that  like music are often good at mathematics.
Children 	b. children who 	c. children whom 	d. whose children
The student .. had an impressive record.
The prize was awarded 	c. to whom the prize was awarded
That the prize was awarded 	d. who the prize was awarded
Those .. have used our services for more than one year can enter the competition.
Who 	b. whom 	c. which 	d. whose
I think it was your Dad .
Phoned 	b. phoning 	c. that phoned 	d. which phoned
That man is a newcomer in our company. Do you know him?
That man is a newcomer in our company. Do you know whom?
That man who is a newcomer in our company. Do you know him?
Do you know him that man is a newcomer in our company?
Do you know that man who is a newcomer in our company?
Yesterday I went to  I had never been to before.
Thanh Ba Post Office, that 	c. Thanh Ba Post Office which
Thanh Ba Post Office where 	d. Thanh Ba Post Office, which
She has two grown children, both of .. live aboard.
Who 	b. whom 	c. that 	d. whose
The class treasurer, , announced the balance of the account.
To whom we gave the money 	c. whose we gave the money to 
To that we gave the money 	d. whom we gave the money
The engineers . designed the building received an award.
Which 	b. whom 	c. who 	d. whose
.. is one of the most important capitals in the world.
London, that the place I was born 	c. London, I was born,
London, which I was born	d. London, where I was born,
Express Money Transfer is one of the quickest ways .. helps us to send money.
Who 	b. whose 	c. when 	d. that
Do you remember the time . we first visited London?
Which 	b. when 	c. that 	d. on that
Sunday is the day . few people go to work.
That 	b. which 	c. when 	d. why
Do you know the reason . she quit her job?
That 	b. which 	c. when 	d. why
The government sent money and food to the people . houses were destroyed by the storm last week.
Which 	b. that 	c. whom 	d. whose
I will never forget . he said he loved me.
The moment 	c. the moment when
The moment which 	d. the moment in that
It is very difficult to integrate yourself into a community .. quite different form yours.
Whose culture 	b. the culture that 	c. which culture 	d. that culture
He often finds fault with . he describes as having no talent.
John Smith, whom 	c. John Smith, whose
John Smith, that 	d. John Smith who
The scheme is designed to help children . have fallen on hard times.
That parents 	b. which parents 	c. parents of which 	d. whose parents
Opening the present , she was trembling with excitement.
Her sweetheart had sent her that 	c. to that her sweetheart and sent her
Her sweetheart had sent her 	d. whose her sweetheart had sent her
My friend,  I visited last week, is taking on holiday soon.
That 	b. whom 	c. which 	d. whose
My brother who lives aboard .
Returns to see us 	c. that returns to see us
Returning to see us	d. where returns to see us
He bought the present  from a souvenir shop in Paris.
That he gave me 	c. that he gave it to me
That he gave me it 	d. he gave me it
The doctor are examining a patient  was taken to hospital last night.
Which 	b. who 	c. whom 	d. whose
The park  I used to jog in has been demolished.
Which 	b. where 	c. in which 	d. in where
Finding a cure for cancer is one of the biggest challenges .. medical researchers face.
Who 	b. when 	c. why 	d. that
Money is all .. many people consider to be the aim of their life.
Whose 	b. which 	c. that 	d. whom
I have to leave for London tomorrow,  means I cannot go to the party with you.
That 	b. which 	c. when 	d. why
The film was about three young girls, . are policewomen.
Whom all 	b. all of who 	c. all of whom 	d. all of that
... has just won an international scholarship.
David Pike, whose parents are both teachers,
David Pike whose parents are both teachers
David Pike parents of who are both teachers
David Pike, whom parents are both teachers
Is there anything ?
I can do to help you that 	c. that I can do to help you with it
With that I can do to help you 	d. I can do to help you
Money is not really  they have often quarreled.
a reason which 	b. a reason that 	c. a reason, why 	d. a reason why
Exercise 2. For question 1- 36, choose from the four options given (marked A, B,C, and D) one best answer to complete each sentence.
It is automobile industry .. contributes the most greenhouse gas emissions into the atmosphere.
Where 	b. in which 	c. that 	d. whom
. many species of animals have become extinct.
There are many reasons for which 	c. the reasons for that 
Many reasons for which 	d. for which reasons
We should do something to save those animals . hunted for their fur or for other valuable parts of their bodies.
Those are 	b. which are 	c. which is 	d. that is
Farmers use more and more . them to grow better crops but harm the environment.
Powerful chemicals who help 	c. powerful chemicals which help
Which powerful chemicals help 	d. powerful chemicals help
Water is one of the most precious resources . for our life.
We depend on which 	c. on which we depend
Which we depend 	d. on that we depend
. are very dense, warm, and wet, are havens for millions of plants and animals.
Rain forests 	c. Rain forests, where
Rain forests, that 	d. Rain forests, which
The farmers and their cattle .. had been trapped in the storm were fortunately rescued.
Who 	b. whom 	c. which 	d. that
Nowadays, city dwellers, .. enjoy a lot from the modern material life, have to suffer from pollution the most.
Who 	b. whom 	c. that 	d. which
Do you know that environmentalist .?
With whom I used to work 	c. with I used to work
With that I used to work 	d. with who I used to work
Rain forests influence the Greenhouse effect,  traps heat inside the Earth’s atmosphere.
That 	b. which 	c. where 	d. whose
The local authority banned us from going near the forest  there is a serious fire.
For which 	b. in that 	c. that 	d. where
.. once roamed the jungles in vast numbers, were estimated to become extinct by the year 2025.
Bengal tigers 	c. Bengal tigers, that 
Bengal tigers, which 	d. Bengal tigers which
I personally think that it is easy to understand. time is relative.
The reason 	c. for which reason
The reason for that 	d. the reason why
. concerns about wildlife never keeps a wild animal as pest.
Anyone that 	b. anyone which 	c. anyone for whom 	d. anyone those
Did you listen to the lecture on the environment by Dr. Pike, 
Whom I have ever told you about 	c. I have ever told you
About that I have ever told you 	d. that I have ever told you
. want to use rain forests are cutting them down without any hesitation.
People who 	b. people which 	c. people whom 	d. who
The man showed us the cage  he kept a fierce lion.
Which 	b. that 	c. in which 	d. in that 
Those villagers  near the forest chop down hardwoods to sell for high prices.
Live 	b. who live 	c. whom live 	d. for whom to live 
We have just had an exploration through that forest .
Which some pandas survive
Where there are some pandas surviving
In which there are some pandas survive
That some pandas survive
By cutting down the trees, people destroy the ecosystem of the rain forest .
On which they depend 	c. which they depend 
Where they depend on 	d. where they depend
... come from thousands of factories has caused enormous increases in air pollution levels.
Smoke 	b. smoke for which 	c. smoke that 	d. smoke whose
The areas  are destroyed suffer a lot from oil erosion.
Which trees 	b. whose trees 	c. that trees 	d. trees which
I will never forget the time .. I first visit Cat Tien National Park.
When 	b. why 	c. where 	d. on that
Those scientists are doing research on the period  the Earth formed.
Where 	b. on that 	c. when 	d. why
It is many rich countries  have dealt the problem of extinction in various ways.
Where 	b. that 	c. in which 	d. in that
. was very kind of him.
That 	b. which 	c. whose 	d. on which
Some countries . try to reduce extinction depend on the world organization for support.
Which 	b. in which 	c. where 	d. whose
The National Parks,  certain animal species survive, are protected strictly from the poaching of hunters.
That 	b. where 	c. which 	d. in that
Some parts of the world, , were cleared for farms and now land is a desert.
Which like the Bragantina of Brazil
Where like the Bragantina of Brazil
like the Bragantina of Brazil
Whose like the Bragantina of Brazil
Smoke from factories is polluting the air, , rain forests cannot clean fast enough.
In which 	b. where 	c. that 	d. which
Everyone must protect the ecosystem of planet Earth,..
That a planet in danger 	c. where is a planet in danger
Which a planet in danger 	d. a planet in danger
Do you think that we are using up the resources . for our survival?
Are necessary 	c. which necessary
That are necessary 	d. that necessary
Areas  in Africa, South America, and Asia are dense with trees, insects, birds, and animals.
Where are 	b. which are 	c. are 	d. are that
Rain forests are places .. people harvest wood, delicious fruits, and powerful medicine.
In which 	b. in that 	c. in where 	d. which
I wonder about . human beings are destroying the environment so seriously.
The reason that 	c. the reason in which 
That reason 	d. the reason for which
The authority gathered those villagers  they explained the importance of forests.
Who 	b. whom 	c. to whom 	d. to that
Exercise 3: Combine these sentences using relative clauses
There wasn’t any directory in the telephone box. I was phoning from this box.
→ There wasn’t any directory in the telephone box which I was phoning from 
This novel is written by Shakespeare. I am looking for this novel.
→ This novel, which I am looking for , is written by Shakespeare. 
I often spend weekends in the school library. I can find a lot of books in this library.
→ I often spend weekends in the school library in which/ where I can find a lot of books.
I saw several rooms in the hotel. Most of them were quite unsuitable.
→ Most of room that I saw in the hotel were quite unsuitable.
Royal hotel was very expensive. We stayed at that hotel last winter.
→ Royal hotel, where we stayed last winter, was very expensive. 
Deforestation can damage the natural environment. Most animals live in that environment.
→ Deforestation can damage the natural environment in which most animals live.
A lack of cross-cultural awareness can result in misinterpretation. It may cause offense.
→ A lack of cross-cultural awareness can result in misinterpretation which may cause offense.
They are journeying across Africa. Cheetahs are only found in Africa.
→ They are journeying across Africa in which Cheetahs are only found .
Vedan company is discharging pollutants into Thi Vai river. We invested in that company.
→ Vedan company, which we invested in, is discharging pollutants into Thi Vai river. 
This film was shot in South Dakota. A dinosaur skeleton was found in that place.
→ This film was shot in South Dakota where/ in which a dinosaur skeleton was found. 
Exercise 4. Rewrite the sentence for the same meaning as the given sentence.
These are photographs of our relatives with whom I spent on summer vacation.
→ These are photographs of our relatives whom I spent on summer vacation with.
The customer has changed the address to which the furniture to be delivered.
→ The customer has changed the address which the furniture to be delivered to.
He is one of the few people who Susan is writing to.
→ He is one of the few people to whom Susan is writing .
My dad is the only person whom I want to talk to.
→ My dad is the only person to whom I want to talk .
That novel is loved by teenagers as well as adults, for whom it was primarily written.
→ That novel is loved by teenagers as well as adults, whom it was primarily written for.
My grandmother was the person I had a great love for.
→ My grandmother was the person for whom I had a great love.
My friend was left the money by her father, with whom she’s never stayed.
→ My friend was left the money by her father, whom she’s never stayed with.
Steve wants to sell the apartment, which he and his late wife used to live in.
→ Steve wants to sell the apartment, in which he and his late wife used to live .
There are several harmfulness of which the farmers should be aware.
→ There are several harmfulness which the farmers should be aware of.
I have no idea whom I should give this present to.
→ I have no idea to whom I should give this present.
Exercise 5. For question 1- 18, study the situations and then decide whether the following relative clauses are defining or non-defining. Circle the appropriate letter A or B which can best describe the situation.
I have three brothers.
My brother who lives in Sydney came to see me last month
My brother, who lives in Sydney, came to see me last month
I have one sister.
My sister who is 25 years old spent her holiday in France.
My sister, who is 25 years old, spent her holiday in France.
Bob’s mum has lost her keys.
Bob’s mum who is a musician has lost her car keys.
Bob’s mum, who is a musician, has lost her car keys.
My friend Jane moved to Canada.
My friend Jane whose husband is Canadian moved to Canada last week.
My friend Jane, whose husband is Canadian, moved to Canada last week.
I am a shoe fanatic.
The shoes which I bought yesterday are very comfortable.
The shoes, which I bought yesterday, are very comfortable.
Mr. Robinson is very famous.
Mr. Robinson whom I met at the trade fair is a famous inventor.
Mr. Robinson,whom I met at the trade fair, is a famous inventor.
Tamara has two cats. Both of them are black.
Tamara’s two cats which can play outside are black.
Tamara’s two cats, which can play outside, are black.
We are on holiday. Yesterday we visited a church.
The church which we visited yesterday is very old.
The church, which we visited yesterday, is very old.
Use the computer which is in the living room.
There is only one computer.
There is more than one computer.
The student, who attend class for five hours per day, have become quite proficient in their new language.
All of the students attend class for five hours per day.
Only some of the students attend class for five hours per day.
I put the vase on the top of the TV set that is in the living room.
I have more than one TV set
 I have only one TV set.
Press the red button, which is on the right.
There is some red button.
There is only one red button.
Trees which lose their leaves in winter are called deciduous trees.
All trees lose their leaves in winter.
Only some trees lose their leaves in winter.
My sister who fixes computers lives in Texas.
I have more than one sister.
I have only one sister.
My stereo, which worked yesterday, doesn’t work today.
It’s likely that I have only one stereo.
It’s likely that I have another stereo I can use.
A cell phone which remembers numbers is very convenient.
All cell phones can remember numbers.
Only some cell phones can remember numbers.
My roommate, who is afraid of computers, has never been on the Internet.
I probably have more than one roommate.
I have only one roommate.
The orchestra conductor signaled the violists who were to begin playing.
All of the violists were to begin playing.
Only some of the violists were to begin playing.
Exercise 6. Combine the sentences, changing the second sentences into adjective clauses and pay attention to the use of the prepositions
I went to an island in the Pacific for vacation. My travel agent had told me about it.
→ I went to an island in the Pacific for vacation (that/ which) my travel agent had told me about.
→ I went to an island in the Pacific for vacation about which my travel agent had told me .
Money is a commodity. We can’t live without it.
→ Money is a commodity without which we can’t live .
→Money is a commodity (that/ which) we can’t live without .
My brother has a pen pal. He has been writing to him for 20 years.
→My brother has a pen pal to whom he has been writing for 20 years.
→My brother has a pen pal (whom) he has been writing to for 20 years.
The student wrote an outstanding paper. She was awarded a prize for it.
→ The student wrote an outstanding paper (that/which) she was awarded a prize for.
→ The student wrote an outstanding paper for which she was awarded a prize .
The bus boycott was in Montgomery,Alabama. Martin Luther King was jailed for it.
→ The bus boycott (that/ which) Martin Luther King was jailed for was in Montgomery, Alabama. 
→ The bus boycott for which Martin Luther King was jailed was in Montgomery, Alabama. 
King believed in Christian principle. He combined nonviolent passive resistance with them.
→ King believed in Christian principle, with which he combined nonviolent passive resistance .
→ King believed in Christian principle, which he combined with nonviolent passive resistance .
The speech was given in 1963 to 250,000 people. Martin Luther King was famous for it.
→ The speech (that/which) Martin Luther King was famous for was given in 1963 to 250,000 people. 
→ The speech for which Martin Luther King was famous was given in 1963 to 250,000 people.
My sister volunteered to work for a homeless shelter. Ray Kroc of MacDonald’s paid for the shelter.
→ My sister volunteered to work for a homeless shelter (that/which) Ray Kroc of MacDonald’s paid for. 
→ My sister volunteered to work for a homeless shelter for which Ray Kroc of MacDonald’s paid. 
The local AIDS organization started a food service. Many sick people benefit from it.
→ The local AIDS organization started a food service (that/which) many sick people benefit from.
→ The local AIDS organization started a food service from which many sick people benefit.
Many blacks helped slaves escape in the south in the 19th century. We know very little about them.
→ Many blacks (whom) we know very little about helped slaves escape in the south in the 19th century. 
→ Many blacks about whom we know very little helped slaves escape in the south in the 19th century.