Đề cương ôn thi môn Tiếng Anh Lớp 11 - Cleft sentence (Câu chẻ)

CLEFT SENTENCE (CÂU CHẺ)
 ˜˜=™™
Chúng ta có thể nhấn mạnh từ và cụm từ bằng cách đặt tất cả vào mệnh đề quan hệ ngoại trừ hoặc cụm từ mà ta muốn nhấn mạnh. Cấu trúc này được gọi là câu chẻ. Câu chẻ rất hữu ích trong văn viết ( vì chúng ta không thể dùng ngữ điệu để nhấn mạnh trong văn viết), nhưng cũng rất phổ biến trong văn nói.
Ex: It was Peter who lent us the money. (Peter là người cho chúng tôi vay tiền.)à nhấn mạnh chủ ngữ (Subject focus)
→ It’s pilots that we need, not ground staff. (Phi công mới là người chúng tôi cần, không phải nhân viên mặt đất.) à nhấn mạnh tân ngữ (Object focus)
→ It’s today that he’s going. (Hôm nay là ngày anh ta đi.) à nhấn mạnh trạng ngữ (Adverbial focus)
Cấu trúc dùng với từ giới thiệu It và một số cụm từ the person who, the place where, the day when/that,thường được dùng để nhấn mạnh chủ ngữ, tân ngữ và trạng ngữ.
Từ giới thiệu với IT (preparatory IT)
Câu chẻ được dùng để nhấn mạnh một thành phần của câu như chủ từ, túc từ hay trạng từ. Trong trường hợp này, các từ được nhấn mạnh thường nối với mệnh đề quan hệ bằng that.
Ex: My secretary sent the bill to Mr. Harding yesterday. 
( Thư ký của tôi đã gửi hối phiếu cho ông Harding ngày hôm qua.)
→ It was my secretary that sent the bill to Mr. Harding yesterday.(Subject focus)
( Chính thư ký của tôi là người đã gửi hối phiếu cho ông Harding ngày hôm qua.)
→ It was the bill that my secretary sent to Mr. Harding yesterday.(Object focus)
( Hối phiếu chính là những gì mà thư ký của tôi đã gửi cho ông Harding ngày hôm qua.)
→ It was Mr. Harding that my secretary sent the bill to yesterday.(Object focus)
( Chính ông Harding là người mà thư ký của tôi đã gửi hối phiếu ngày hôm qua.)
→ It was yesterday that my secretary sent the bill to Mr. Harding. (Adverbial focus)
( Hôm qua là ngày mà thư ký của tôi đã gửi hối phiếu cho ông Harding)
- Các cấu trúc phủ định cũng có thể được dùng.
Ex: It wasn’t my husband that sent the bill. ( Không phải chồng tôi là người gửi hói phiếu)
- Who có thể thay cho that khi chủ ngữ chỉ người được nhấn mạnh.
Ex: It is Nam who always helps me. ( Chính là Nam nguời luôn giúp đỡ tôi.)
- Khi chủ từ số nhiều được nhấn mạnh, động từ trong mệnh đề quan hệ ở số nhiều.
Ex: It was the students that were angry  ( Chính những sinh viên đó là những người đã nổi giận )
- Khi chủ từ cần nhấn mạnh là đại từ, có hai khả năng xảy ra:
Ex: It is I who am responsible. ( formal)
It’s me that’s responsible. (informal)
( Tôi chính là nguwofi chịu trách nhiệm.)
Nhấn mạnh chủ từ (Subject focus)
a. It + is / was + Noun / pronoun (người) + who/that + V + O 
Ex: My brother collected these foreign stamps.
→ It was my brother who collected these foreign stamps.
(Chính anh tôi là người đã sưu tầm những cái tem nước ngoài này)
b. It + is / was + Noun (vật) + that + V + O 
Ex: Her absence at the party made me sad.
→ It was her absence at the party that made me sad. (Chính sự vắng mặt của cô ấy tại buổi tiệc làm tôi buồn)
Nhấn mạnh túc từ (Object focus)
a. It + is / was + Noun / pronoun (người) + who(m) + S + V
Ex: I met Daisy on the way to school.
→ It was Daisy who(m) I met on the way to school.
(Chính Daisy là người tôi đã gặp trên đường đi học)
Note: Khi nhấn mạnh túc từ ta có thể dùng who thay cho whom nhưng khi nhấn mạnh chủ từ thì không dùng whom thay cho who.
It + is / was + Noun (vật) + that + S + V 
Ex: My brother bought an old motorbike from our neighbor.
→ It was an old motorbike that my brother bought from our neighbor.
(Chính cái xe máy cũ là cái anh tôi đã mua từ người hàng xóm)
3. Nhấn mạnh trạng từ (Adverbial focus)
It + is / was + Adverbial phrase + that + S + V 
Ex: - We first met in December.
→ It was in December that we first met.
(Chính tháng mười hai là khi chúng tôi gặp nhau lần đầu tiên)
- I was born in this village.
→ It was in this village that I was born.
(Chính ngôi làng này là nơi tôi được sinh ra)
Câu chẻ bị động (Cleft sentences in the passive)
Form ( Cấu trúc) 
It is/was S + That + be + past participle
Passive transformation ( Cách chuyển sang câu chẻ ở thể bị động)
→ S+ V+ O → It is/was + O + that + be + Vpp + (by + S)
a. It + is / was + Noun / pronoun (person) + who + be + P.P
Ex: Fans gave that singer a lot of flowers.
→ It was that singer who was given a lot of flowers.
(Chính người ca sĩ đó được tặng rất nhiều hoa)
b. It + is / was + Noun (thing) + that + be + P.P
Ex: People talk about this film.
→ It is this film that is talked about. (Chính bộ phim này là cái được nói đến) 
Ex: Fans gave that singer a lot of flowers.
→ It was a lot of flowers that were given to that singer. (Chính nhiều hoa đã được tặng cho người ca sĩ)
Cụm từ the person who, what = ( the thing that), the day when/that, the place where, the reason why 
Các từ được nhấn mạnh có thể được nối với mệnh đề quan hệ bằng is/was và cụm từ the person who, what = ( the thing that), the day when/that, the place where, the reason why  Chúng ta có thể đặt các từ nhấn mạnh ở trước hoặc sau.
Ex: Mary keeps a pig in the garden shed. (Mary nuôi một con heo trong nhà kho.)
→ Mary is the person who keeps a pig in the garden shed. / The person who keeps a pig in the garden shed is Mary. ( Mary chính là người nuôi một con heo trong nhà kho) (Subject focus)
→ What/ The thing that Mary keeps in the garden shed is a pig. ( Vật mà Mary nuôi trong nhà kho là một con heo.) (Object focus)
→ The place where Mary keeps a pig is the garden shed. ( Nơi mà Mary nuôi một con heo là nhà kho. ) (Adverbial focus)
- Trong lối nói thân mật, the day the place trong các cụm the day when/ that và the place where có thể được lược bỏ.
Ex: (The place) where Mary keeps a pig is the garden shed. ( Nơi mà Mary nuôi một con heo là nhà kho. )
Exercise 1. 
.. we all look for.
It is happiness that 	c. that happiness
Happiness it is that 	d. happiness it is
.. my neighbors who rescued me from the fire.
It is 	b. it was 	c. that is 	d. this is
. me how to play the drum.
It was my uncle who taught	c. it was my uncle taught
My uncle who taught 	d. it is my uncle teaching
... I bought the golden fish.
It was from this shop that 	c. it was this shop which
It was from this shop which 	d. it was this shop that
.. gave me that picture book.
Mary 	b. It was Mary 	c. It was Mary whom 	d. It was Mary whose
My new book, , is very interesting.
It is on wild animals 	c. which is on wild animals
Is on wild animals 	d. to be on wild animals
Two players of our delegation, .., are in competition for the gold medal.
It was Jim and John 	c. it is Jim and John
They were Jim and John 	d. Jim and John
It was Tom ..to help us.
Comes	B. that comes 	c. to come 	d. who came
.. the police had rescued from the fire.
The baby 	b. the baby that 	c. it was the baby whom 	d. the baby whom
.. my parents gave me the fish tank.
It was on my birthday when 	c. it was my birthday that
It was my birthday on that 	d. it was on my birthday that 
.. I first met my girlfriend.
It was in London that 	c. it was London that
It was in London where 	d. it was London which
It was .. the wet and windy day that I drove over the hill to Milland.
In 	b. on 	c. at 	d. for
It was my friend, Shona, ..
I was at school with whom 	c. with who I was at school 
I was at school with 	d. with that I was at school 
. on the phone.
It is his mother whom is 	c. it was his mother who is
It was his mother whom is 	d. it is his mother who is
... those books on the desk?
Were it you who put 	c. was it you that put
It was you who put 	d. it is you that put 
.. we have to wait.
It is a long time that 	c. it is for a long time that 
It is a long time for that 	d. it is for a long time when
It is . they are going to, not Russia.
Spain 	b. spain that 	c. spain where 	d. in spain that
... he heard the news.
It was three-week later that 	c. it was three-week later when 
It was three weeks later when 	d. it was three weeks later that
. a high level of blood cholesterol.
It is eggs that contain 	c. it is eggs that contains
Those are eggs it contains 	d. it is eggs contain
... I first met him in that resort.
It was last winter when 	c. it was in last winter when 
It was last winter 	d. it was the last winter which 
... disappeared when I arrived at the airport.
My passport 	c. it is my passport that 
It was my passport 	d. it is my passport.
It was the great efforts  to complete his study.
That made 	b. that he made 	c. that he made it 	d. he made it
It is  we will leave for Paris.
April 	b. in April that 	c. April in that 	d. in April when 
... on my part that I could not manage to deliver the goods on time.
An error 	b. that’s an error 	c. it was an error 	d. an error it was
. in sorrow than in anger that his parents criticized him on his failure.
It is 	b. it was 	c. it was much 	d. it was more
.. took my document?
It is Peter that 	c. was it Peter that 
It was peter that 	d. was that Peter
It is . I get emotional satisfaction.
Collecting stamps that 	c. collecting stamps from that
From collecting stamps that 	d. collecting stamps that from
It is the library .
That I often borrow books 	c. where I often borrow books from
That I often borrow books from 	d. from that I often borrow books
... England won the World Cup.
It was in 1966 that 	c. it was on 1966 that
It was in 1966 when 	d. it was 1966 in that
. took my car.
It was you 	b. it were you 	c. it was you that 	d. it was you whom 
It was the stamp collection 
About I have ever told you 	c. about that I have ever told you
I have ever told you about 	d. that I have ever told you
.. taught me how to collect butterflies.
It was my father 	c. it was my father whom 
It is my father 	d. my father
It is . that you can leave the exam room.
Only when have you finished your papers.
You have finished your papers
Only have you finished your papers
Only when you have finished your papers.
It is .. we usually sit in the afternoon reading books.
On the tree where 	c. by the tree
Under the tree that 	d. under the tree which 
It is Tom .. the test.
Who have finished 	c. that has finished
That are finishing 	d. finishing
It was in 1990  I met my husband.
When 	b. which 	c. that 	d. Ø
.. invented the telephone.
He was Marconi that 	c. he is Marconi who
it is Marconi that 	d. it was Marconi that
... she was born.
It is in Paris where 	c. it was in Paris that
It is in Paris, that 	d. it was in Paris where
... the nearest the sun.
It is Mercury who is 	c. it was Mercury that are
It is Mercury, which is 	d. it is Mercury that is
Exercise 2: Rewrite the sentences to focus attention on the underlined information. Using structure” it is / was ... that”
He is interested in learning English most.
→It is English that he is interested in learning most.
I heard that news in this morning.
→ it was that news that I heard in this morning.
My aunt lives in Britain for ten years.
→it is my aunt that lives in Britain for ten years
Mary and Peter are my close friends.
→ it is Mary and Peter that are my close friends
The boat race was held in this river.
→ it was in this river that the boat race was held.
I studied abroad when I was 22.
→ it was when I was 22 that I studied aboard.
They play card during the night.
→ it is card that they play during the night
He bought a new car yesterday.
→it was a new car that he bought yesterday.
They go camping in the forest.
→ it is in the forest that they go camping
My family usually go shopping at weekend.
→ it is at weekend that my family usually go shopping.
Exercise 3: .Rewrite the sentences to focus attention on the underlined information. Using structure” it is / was ... that + passive voice”
People talked about the fire last night.
→ it was the fire that was talked about last night.
My mother gave me a nice dress on my birthday.
→ it was a nice dress that was given to me by my mother on my birthday.
We watched TV show yesterday.
→ it was T.V show that was watched yesterday.
She kept her memento carefully.
→ it was memento that was kept by her carefully
My family bought a new fridge.
→ it was a new fridge that was bought by my family.
They served a lot of dishes at the party.
→ it was a lot of dishes that were served at the party.
A cat broke the flower vase when it caught a mouse .
→ it was the flower vase that was broken by a cat when it caught a mouse.
The teacher asked the student to do homework.
→ it was the student that was asked to do homework by the teacher
My mother bought foods in the supermarket.
→ it was foods that were bought in the supermarket by my mother.
She held a farewell party yesterday.
→ it was a farewell party that was held by her yesterday.
Exercise 4. Rewrite the sentences to focus attention on the underlined information. Using structure” it is / was ... that”
1. She bought the car from Tom.
→ it was the car that she bought from Tom
2.The computer gives me a headache.
→ it is the computer that gives me a headche.
3. We are coming to stay with Jane this weekend.
→ it is this weekend that we are coming to stay with Jane.
4. The president makes the important decisions.
→ it is the important decisions that the president makes
5. I’m looking forward to physics exam.
→ it is physics exam that I’m looking forward to.
6. I lost my wallet somewhere in there.
→ it was my wallet that I lost somewhere in there
7. I was born and grew up in a small village.
→ it was in a small village that I was born and grew up.
8. My teacher helped me a lot of with my study last semester.
→ it was last semester that my teacher helped me a lot of with my study
9. The headmaster gave Tam a bicycle as a scholarship.
→ it was a bicycle that the headmaster gave Tam as a scholarship.
10. Your carelessness caused the accident
→ it was your carelessness that caused the accident.
11. The neighbour told them about it.
→ it was the neighbour that told them about it.
12. My friend came to see me late last night.
→ it was last night that my friend came to see me late.
13. That boy scored the goal for his team.
→ it was the goal that that boy scored for his team
14. The dog grabbed at the piece of meat and ran away.
→ it was the piece of meat that the dog grabbed at and ran away.
15. The strong wind blew the roof off.
→ it was the strong wind that blew the roof off.
16. The woman answered the man rudely.
→ it was the man that the woman answered rudely.
17. The boy played ping pong the whole afternoon.
→ it was the whole afternoon that the boy played ping pong.
18. The girl gave the boy a special gift on his birthday.
→ it was a special gift that the girl gave the boy on his birthday.
19. The police arrested the man at the railway station.
→ it was at the railway station that the police arrested the man.
20. He borrowed the money from Linda.
→ it was Linda that He borrowed the money from
21. He bought the book from that corner shop.
→ it was from that corner shop that he bought the book
22. He got married when he was 26.
→ it was when he was 26 that he got married
23. They were having a barbecue in the park.
→ it was a barbecue that they were having in the park
24. I met him on the way to school.
→ it was on the way to school that I met him
25. They often had parties on weekends.
→ it was parties that they often had on weekends.