Đề cương ôn thi học kì 1 môn Tiếng Anh Lớp 12

 THEORY FOR THE SECOND TERM EXAMINATION
I. VERB- FORM: 
1. V0: + Sau khiếm khuyết ( can, must, could , should , may . )
 + Sau 1 số động từ :: let , make , see, watch, observe, notice, hear + O +V0
 	+ Sau giả định ( subjunctive ) : S + giả định + that + S + V0( chủ động) / 
 be V3/ed ( bị động)
 + Sau từ chỉ mục đớch : in order to / so as to / to + V0
*/ Chỳ ý : Cú 2 dạng giả định:
Dạng 1 : S + V ( advise , ask, command , demand, ,desire , insist, propose, recommend, request, suggest , urge, move ) + that + S + V0 ( chủ động )
	 be V3/ed ( bị động)
Dạng 2: S + be + adj ( necessary, essential, crucial , vital , important, imperative, recommended, urgent, best + that + S + V0 ( chủ động ) 
	 be V3/ed ( bị động)
1. she can ( play ) .sports.
2. I saw Tom ( stand ) ..in front of my house yesterday.
3. Tom’s father insists that he ( find ) a job and settle down in a big city.
4. The government demanded that rural people (allow ) ..............to live and look for jobs in big cities.
5. It is important that the government (encourage ).. More investment in rural areas 
6. She learns hard in order to ( pass ) the exam.
2. V-ING: 
a. Sau 1 số động từ : enjoy , mind , suggest, finish , avoid , admit , deny , postpone , delay , practise , like , dislike , go , consider , appreciate,finish , detest, , miss, risk , feel like , give up , be busy + V-ING
b. Sau 1 số cụm từ : can’t help , can’t bear , can’t stand , It’s worth , it’s (no) use/ good , look forward to + , object to , get/ be used to + V_ING
c. Sau giới từ : on , in , of , after, before, without , for , from ,.. + V-ING
Ex: 1. My friends suggests ( have )a picnic.
2. I look forward to (see) ..my parents.
3. My sister is fond of ( plant ) many types of different flowers.
4. It’s worth ( buy ) a new car.
5. My father gets used to .up earrly
3. TO V0: 
a. Reduce relative clauses ( Rỳt gọn mệnh đề liờn hệ )
+ Cú STT ( first, second, third, fourth,, last, only, so sỏnh nhất : to V0 ( chủ động
	 to be V3/ed ( bị động) 
+ Khụng cú STT : V-ing ( chủ động)
 V3/ed ( bị động)
b. Theo sau 1 số cấu trỳc:
+ to V0
+ S / It + be + adj + ( for 0 ) 
+ S+ be/V + too + adj/ adv + ( for 0) 
+ S + be/ V + adj/ adv + enough + ( for 0 )
c. Sau tất cả từ để hỏi: S + V + What / where / how/ how many ... + to V0
d. Sau 1 số động từ : 
*/ S + V (Agree, appear, arrange, attempt, ask, decide, determine, be determined, fail, offer , forget, happen, hope, learn, manage, offer, plan, prepare, promise, prove, refuse, remember, seem, tend, threaten, try, volunteer expect, want, mean,... ) + to V0
*/ S + V (, allow, enable, encourage, forbid, force, hear, instruct, invite, let, order, permit, persuade, request, remind, see, train, teach how, urge, warn, tempt,...) + 0 + to V0
4. Một số trường hợp đặc biệt :
a. Get / have :
+ S + have / get + 0( vật ) + V3/ed 
+ S + get + 0 ( người ) + to V0
+ S + have + 0 ( người ) + V0
Ex: 1. I got Tom ( repair ) ...........my bike yesterday.
2. Mary had Jimmy ( repair) .the fence that fell over in the garden.
3. My friend will have her hair ( cut) ..
4. I will get the smartphone ( update )
b. need: 
+ S ( vật ) + need + V-ing / to be V3/ed ( bị động )
+ S ( người ) + need + to V0 ( chủ động )
Ex: 1. The class needs ( sweep) everyday.
2. Mary needs ( buy ) ..a new house.
c. Allow / permit / advise / recommend:
+ S + allow / permit + 0 + to V0
+ S + allow / permit + V-ing.
+ S + be + allowed / permitted + to V0.
Ex: 1. My parents allow me ( go ) out with my friends at the weekend.
2. I am allowed ( use) the smartphone when I finish my homework.
3. Her husband doesn’t allow anyone ( smoke ) in the house.
4. Her husband doesn’t allow ( smoke) in the house.
5. They don't allow ( park) ............................... here.
6. He advised ( apply) ........................ at once.
d. remember/ forget : nhớ / quờn
+ S + remember/ forget + to V0 : chỉ thúi quen, hoặc sự việc chưa xảy ra
+ S + remember / forget + V-ing: Chỉ sự việc đó xảy ra rồi/ đó làm rồi
Ex: 1. you remember ( turn) .off the lights before you go to bed.
2. She usually forgets ( park) .her car in the garage.
3. You remember ( send) ..this letter to Tom tomorrow.
4. I remember ( meet) Mai at the party.
5. I forgot ( lock) ..the windows in the class yesterday.
e. Try : cố gắng / thử.
+ S + try + to V0 : cố gắng để làm gỡ.
+ S + try + V-ing : Thử làm gỡ
Ex: We try ( learn) .hard to pass the next exam.
2. This lock is old. We try ( pour ) ..some oil into it.
f. Stop : ngừng
+ S + stop + to V0: ngừng để làm gỡ khỏc
+ S + stop + V-ing: ngừng làm việc gỡ 
Ex: 1. We stopped ( have ) ..breakfast.
2. My father stopped ( smoke ) three years ago.
g. Regret : hối hận / thụng bỏo
+ S + regret + to V0: hối hận / hối tiếc về việc đó làm
+ S + regret + V-ing: thụng bỏo / bỏo tin gỡ cho ai
Ex: 1. I regret (buy ) this old car.
2. I regret ( inform ) ..your bad marks.
h. Một số cấu trỳc :
 + It’ s time to V0
 ( that ) + S + QKĐ ( V2/ed)
+ S + would rather V0
 have V3/ed 
 ( that ) + S + QKĐ ( V2/ed )
*/ GRAMMAR:
I. COMPARATION: 
1. Comparative form : So sỏnh hơn
+ Ngắn : S1 + be/ V + short adj / adv – er + than + S2
+ Dài : S1+ be / V + more + long adj / adv+ than + S2
2. Superlative comprison: So sỏnh nhất
+ Ngắn : S + be/V + the + short adj / adv – est + ..
+ Dài: S + be / V + the most + long adj/ adv ..
3. Equal comprison: So sỏnh bằng
Kđ: S1 + be / V + as - adj / adv - as + S2
Pđ: S1 + be/ V + so- adj/ adv –as + S2
4. Double comparison: So sỏnh kộp
a/ Càng ngày càng:
+ Ngắn : S + be / V + short adj/adv-er and short adj/adv-er 
+ Dài : S + be / V + more and more + long adj/adv
b/ So sỏnh nguyờn nhõn và kết quả ( Thường 2 mệnh đề )
The + so sỏnh hơn + S + V/ be , the+ so sỏnh hơn + S + V / be 
*/ Notes : Linking verbs: get , become, be, seem, sound , grow, stay, remain, stand, feel , look , turn , taste, smell , appear , prove , act + Adj ( Tớnh Từ )
- Tớnh từ cú 2 õm tiết mà kết thỳc = ( y, ow, er, et ,le ) ta xem ngắn.
Ex : - happy , clever, simple , narrow, quiet( ngắn )
- tired , careful, intelligent , boring ( dài)
*/ Trường hợp ngoại lệ : 
good/ well => better => the best
Bad/ badly/ ill => worse => the worst
Far => farther / further => the farthest / furthest
Many/ much => more => the most
Few => fewer => the fewest
Little => less => the least
*/ Cỏch thành lập trạng từ:
Adj + ly => adv
Ex: beauliful => beautifully
Good => well
Một số từ vừa tớnh từ , vừa trạng từ : hard , fast , late , early, soon ,far ( ngắn )
II . Conditional sentences: 
1. Type 1 : Chắc chắn xảy ra ở hiện tại hoặc tương lai
 If + HTĐ , S + will / KK / mệnh lờnh ( V0/ Don’t V0 ) + V0
=> ĐN : Should + S + ( not ) V0 , S + will / KK / mệnh lờnh ( V0/ Don’t V0 ) + V0
2. Type 2: Trỏi với hiện tại ( khụng thật ở hiện tại )
If + QKĐ ( be=> were) , S + would/ could / might + V0
=> Were + S ( not) + to V0 , S + would/ could / might + V0
3. Type 3: Trỏi với quỏ khứ ( hối hận ) 
If + QKHT ( S + had V3/ed) , S + would/could/ might + have + V3/ed 
=> ĐN : Had + S + ( not) V3/ed, S + would/could/ might + have + V3/ed 
4. Type 0: Chỉ sự thật khoa học, 1 chõn lớ:
If + HTĐ , HTĐ 
Ex: If the sun rises in East , it sets in West.
5. Type 5 : Mixed ( kết hợp ) 
Ex: If you had done homewwork last night , you wouldn’t be punished now. 
Chỳ ý : Kết hợp cõu điều kiện 
+ Bước 1: Xỏc định cõu gốc HTĐ => If 2, QKĐ=> If 3
+ Bước 2: Xđ mệnh đề nguyờn nhõn ( because) đặt ngay mđ if, mđ kết quả (so) đăt mệnh đề chớnh.
+ Bước 3: Cõu gốc kđ ú phủ định 
1. Because I don’t have money , I can’t buy a new car.
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2. Because Mary ate many sweets, she was sick.
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3. Because he went to bed late , he doesn’t do morning exercises.
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4. Mai is punished now because she didn’t do her homework last night.
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III . Passive voice: ( Bị động)
*/ Chủ động: S + V + O +  + Time 
Bị động : S + be + V3/ed +  + ( by O) + Time
HTĐ: S + is / am / are + V3/ed +  ( by O ) + time
HTTD: S + is/ am are + being + V3/ed +(by O) + time
HTHT: S + has/ have + been + V3/ed + (by O) + time
QKĐ: S + was/ were + V3/ed + + (by O) + time
QKTD : S + was/ were + being + V3/ed + + ( by O ) + time
QKHT: S + had + been + V3/ed +  + ( by O ) + time 
TLĐ: S + will + be + V3/ed +  + (by O ) + time
TLTD: S + will be + being + V3/ed + + (by O ) + time
TLHT : S + will have + been + V3/ed + + ( by O ) + time
 Be going to : S + is/ am / are + going to + be + V3/ed + ( by O ) = time
KK: S + KK + be + V3/ed +  + ( by O ) + time
 Have to : S + have to / has to + be + V3/ed + + ( by O ) + time
*/ Passive voice of reporting verbs: ( Bị động của động từ tường thuật)
Chủ động: S1 + V1+( that )+ S2 + V2 +
Bị động : Cỏch 1: S2+ be +( V1->V3/ ed) + V2 
Cỏch 2: It + be + (V1=> V3/ed ) + that + S2+ V2
Chỳ ý : - Nếu V2 xảy ra trước V1 => to have V3/ed 
- Nếu V2 dựng thỡ HTHT/ QKHT => to have + V3/ed 
Nếu V2 và V1 xảy ra cựng thời điểm => to V0
Nếu V2 xảy ra sau V1 ( V2 dựng thỡ HTĐ, HTTD , TLĐ , can , must, may) => to V0 
Ex: 1. People say that Tom is an excellent student this year.
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2. They think that Mr Brown was absent from the company last year.
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IV. Connectors: Từ kết nối
1. So . That
S+ be/ V + so + adj / adv + that + MĐ(S + (KK) + V0)
2 . Such  that
S + be + such + (a/an) + adj + noun + that + MĐ(S + (KK) + V0)
=> ĐN : So + adj/ adv + ĐN + That + Mệnh đề ( S + V)
 Such + ĐN + That + Mệnh đề ( S + V )
c. Too  to :
S + be / V + too + adj / adv + ( for 0 ) + to V0
d. Enough  to :
S + be / V + adj / adv + enough + ( for 0 ) + to V0
Chỳ ý:
+ Cấu trỳc too..to và enough  to ( khụng cú it/ them cuối cõu.
+ Cấu trỳc so  that / such . That cú thể cú it / them.
+ Enough cú thể đứng trước danh từ
V. CONJUNCTIONS: ( LIấN TỪ )
A. CLAUSE OF PURPOSE : MĐ chỉ mục đớch 
V0
+ in order ( not) to + 
+ so as (not) to + 
+ ( not) to + 
Mệnh đề ( S + can/ could / will / would + V0
+ so that 
+ in order that 
Ex: 1. I study hard so that I can pass the exam.
=> ..............................................................................................................................................
2. I study hard so that I won’t fail the exam.
=> ..............................................................................................................................................
3. I hide the toy so that my mother can’t see it.
=> ..............................................................................................................................................
B. CLAUSE OF CONCESSIVE : Mệnh đề chỉ sự nhượng bộ
1. + Although
MỆNH ĐỀ ( S + V)
 + Though
 + Even though
 + Despite the fact that
V-ING / NOUN PHRASES
 + In spite of the fact that 
2. Despite/ In spite of + 
3. , but / , yet : Nhưng ( Trước but , yet cú dấu phẩy )
4. . However, / . Nevertheless, : tuy nhiờn ( Trước however / nevertheless cú dấu chấm hoặc chấm phẩy, sau however / nevertheless cú dấu phẩy)
5. a. No matter who/what/when/ where + S + V
5. b. No matter how + adj/adv S + V, S + V
6. Adj/Adv as S + V, S + V
Ex : Mặc dự anh ấy nghốo nhưng anh ấy học giỏi.
=> ..............................................................................................................................................
=> ..............................................................................................................................................
=> ..............................................................................................................................................
=> ..............................................................................................................................................
=> ..............................................................................................................................................
=> ..............................................................................................................................................
C. CLAUSES OF REASON AND RESULT: Mệnh đề chỉ nguyờn nhõn và kết quả
*/ Bởi vỡ: 
V-ING / NOUN PHRASES
+ Because of 
+ due to
+ owning to 
MỆNH ĐỀ ( S + V)
+ Because 
+ As
+ Since
+ Due to the fact that 
*/ Vỡ vậy , vỡ thế : 
MỆNH ĐỀ ( S + V)
+ , so / , thus 
+ . Therefore ,
Ex: Bởi vỡ thời tiết xấu, chỳng tụi ở tại nhà hụm qua
1. Because the weather was bad, we stayed at home yesterday.
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D. MỘT SỐ LIấN TỪ KHÁC
1. AND: Thờm / bổ sung một thứ vào một thứ khỏc
Ex: - I do morning exercise every day to keep fit and relax.
-I like watching sports and listening to music. 
2. OR: Dựng để trỡnh bày thờm một lựa chọn khỏc.
Ex: You can play games or watch TV.
3. NOR: Dựng để bổ sung một ý phủ định vào ý phủ định đó được nờu trước đú.
Ex: I don’t like listening to music nor playing sports. I’m just keen on reading.
VII: CONVERSION: Đảo ngữ:
Hardly / Scarcely + had + S + V3/ed + when+ MĐ ( S + V )
No sooner + had + S + V3/ed + than + MĐ ( S + V )
It is time + S + QKĐ
S + would rather + that + S + QKĐ
Ex: 1. Hardly had I put the receiver down when he rang back.
No sooner had she hung the clothes out than it rained.
It is time she left immediately.
I’d rather he didn’t go to school late.
VIII. RELATIVE CLAUSE: mệnh đề liờn hệ 
+ Who : Thay thế cho danh từ chỉ người làm S
+ Whom: Thay thế cho danh từ chỉ người làm 0 
+ Which: Thay thế cho danh từ chỉ vật S và 0 
+ Whose : Thay thế cho sở hữu ( whose + noun )
+ Where : Thay thế cho danh từ chỉ nơi chốn
+ When : Thay thế cho danh từ chỉ thời gian
+ Why : Thay thế cho danh từ chỉ lớ do.
*/ Chỳ ý : 
- Trước where/ when/ why khụng bao giờ cú giới từ .
- Sau where/ when / why phải 1 mệnh đề ( S + V )
- That cú thể thay thế cho who/ whom/ which ( Trừ trường hợp cú dấu phẩy và giới từ khụng được thế )
- Reduce relative clauses ( Rỳt gọn mệnh đề liờn hệ )
+ Cú STT ( first, second, third, fourth,, last, only, so sỏnh nhất : to V0 ( chủ động
	 to be V3/ed ( bị động) 
+ Khụng cú STT : V-ing ( chủ động)
 V3/ed ( bị động)
Ex: 1 The teacher is very good. He teaches us Maths.
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2. This is the girl. We talked to her last night.
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3. The Citadel of the Ho Dynasty was added to UNESCO’s World Heritage List in 2011. It is located in Thanh Hoa province.
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4. The first Japanese Bridge became a main tourist attraction in Hoi An. It was built in the early 1600s .
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5. This is the last boy. He left the class yesterday.
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6. The chair has just been repaired. Its leg was broken yesterday.
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7. This is the first day. I started a new school year on that day.
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8. The reason is very suitable. Tom explained the reason to us last night.
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9. My hometown is very beautiful. I was born there.
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IX. REPORTED SPEECH: 
a. Thay đổi về đại từ nhõn xưng, đại từ sở hữu, tớnh từ sở hữu:
Đại từ nhõn xưng
Trực tiếp
Giỏn tiếp
I
He, she
we
they
You
They/ he/ she/ I
 Chủ ngữ 
Tõn ngữ
Trực tiếp
giỏn tiếp
Me
Him/ her
us
Them
you
Them/ him/ her
Tớnh từ sở hữu
Trực tiếp
Giỏn tiếp
my
His/ her
our
Their
your
Their/ his/her/ my
Đại từ sở hữu
Trực tiếp
Giỏn tiếp
mine
Him/ hers
ours
Theirs
yours
Theirs/ his/ hers
b. Thay đổi thời gian nơi trốn , thời gian : 
Trực tiếp
Giỏn tiếp
Today/ tonight
that day/ that night
Yesterday
the day before/ the previous day
last month
the moth before / the previous month
Tomorrow
the following day/ the next day/ the day after 
this month
that month
The day before yesterday
Two days before
The day after tomorrow
In two days’ time
next month
the month after / the following month/ the next month
Here
there
Now
then
Ago
before
This
that
These
Those
c. Lựi thỡ:
+ HTĐ=> QKĐ	+ HTHT/ QKĐ=> QKHT
+ HTTD=> QKTD	+ Will => Would
+ Can=> Could	+ Must => Had to
+ May=> might
d. Cỏc dạng tường thuật:
1. Gerund: ( Danh động từ )
*/ Verb + Preposition
- apologize ( to +O ) for __________ing	- object to __________ing
- complain about __________ing	- participate in __________ing	
 - dream of __________ing	- take part in __________ing
- insist on __________ing 	- think of __________ing
- look forward to __________ing	- have difficulty in __________ing	
- take advantage of __________ing	- keen on __________ing	
*/ Verb + Object + Preposition
- accuse + O + of ______ing : kết tội 	- prevent/ stop + O + from ______ing : ngăn chặn
- blame + O + for ______ing : đổ lỗi	 - keep + O + from _______ing : giữ
- charge + O + with ____ing : buộc tội 	- compliment + O + on _______ing : khen	 
- thank + O + for ______ing : cảm ơn	- congratulate+ O + on ________ing: chỳc mừng
- warn+ O + against ____ing : Cảnh bỏo	- criticize+ O + for _________ing : chỉ trớch	 
- fine / punish + O + for ____ing : phạt 	- excuse + O + for________ing: Xin lỗi 
- remind + O + of ____ing : Gợi nhớ - forgive + O + for________ing : Tha thứ
*/ Verb + V-ing: 
- deny : từ chối
V-ING
- admit: thừa nhận
- practise: thực hành
- suggest: đề nghị
- enjoy/ feel like: thớch
2. Reported speech with to infinitive
*/ S + V + TO V0
+ refuse : từ chối ( pđ)
+ promise : hứa
TO V0
+ agree: đồng ý
+ want : muốn
+ decide : quyết định
+ offer : đề nghị 
+ hope : hi vongk
+ wish : ước
*/ S + V + 0 + TO V0:
- demand, ask , recommend, require, command, request : yờu cầu
- encourage , stimulate: khuyến khớch , khớch lệ
- invite : mời
- order: ra lệnh
+ 0 + to V0
= urge : thỳc giục
- remind : gợi nhớ
- advise: khuyờn
- warn: cảnh bỏo
- beg: van xin, nài nỉ
- threaten : đe dọa
- tell : núi , bảo
*/ Chỳ ý : MỘT SỐ TRƯỜNG HỢP ĐẶC BIỆT:
a.- Would you/ Could you / Will you/ Can you -> asked+ sb + to + V
 - Would you mind + V-ing /Do you mind + V-ing -> asked + sb + to +V
b. Would you like/ Will you -> invited + sb + to + V
c. Lời khuyên thờng bắt đầu bằng:
S + advised + O + to V 
 - You should / You ought to
 - If I were you , I would/ should 
 - You had better 
 - Why don’t you .
EX: Why don’t you repaint our room? đShe advised me to repaint their room.
S + remind(ed) + someboby + to V0
d. Lời nhắc nhở
“Remember”	
Don’t for get
Ex: She said to me; “Don’t forget to ring me up tomorrow evening”
-> She reminded me to ring her up the bext eveining 
 S + agreed + to V0
e. Sự đồng ý về quan điểm như:
- all right, Yes, of course = 
Ex: “All right, I’ll wait for you” he said
-> He agreed to wait for me 
f. Diễn tả sự mong muốn:
S + wanted + 0 + to V0
- would like
- wish 
Ex: “I’d like Lan to become a doctor,” my mum said 
-> My mum wanted Lan to become a doctor 
S + refused + to V0 
j. Từ chối :
S + won’t + V0 = 
 Ex: ‘No, I won’t lend you my car”
-> He refused to lend me his car.
S + promised to V0
k. Lời hứa: 
S + will + V0 = 
 Ex: ‘I’ll send you a card on your birthday” 
-> He promised to send me a card on my birthday.
3. Cõu trần thuật trong lời núi giỏn tiếp: (Statements in reported speech)
a. Khẳng định:
 S + said (to + O) + that S + V
 S + told + O + that S + V.
Ex: ‘We will have a test tomorrow’, My teacher said.
 -> My teacher said (that) they would have a test the next day.
b. Cõu hỏi trong lời núi giỏn tiếp (Questions in reported speech)
*/ Chú ý: Khi chuyển cõu hỏi trực tiếp thành giỏn tiếp cũng cần ỏp dụng qui tắc chuyển đổi trờn, ngoài ra cần thay đổi:
Động từ tường thuật cõu hỏi giỏn tiếp là asked/ wanted to know/ wondered ( tự hỏi)
Cõu hỏi mà khụng cú từ để hỏi ta mượn If / whether. Nếu cú từ để hỏi thỡ hạ xuống 
Chuyển cõu hỏi sang khẳng định và lựi thỡ.
Khụng dựng liờn từ “that’, dấu “?” được bỏ đi
+ Yes/ no questions:
S + asked + ( O ) + if / whether + clause
Ex: Tuan asked Ba “Are you fond of watching television?” 
Tuan asked Ba if/whether he was fond of watching television
+ Wh-questions:
S + asked + (O) + wh - word + clause
Ex: He said to me, “Why did you go with her father last week?”
=> He asked me why I had gone with her father the week before.
c. Cõu mệnh lệnh trong lời núi giỏn tiếp (Imperative in reported speech)
*/ Chỳ ý: 
 + Động từ tờng thuật là: ordered, commanded (ra lệnh), requested, asked (yêu cầu), told (bảo làm )
 + Tâm ngữ trực tiếp chỉ ngời nhận mệnh lệnh đợc nêu lên.
 + Hình thức mệnh lệnh của động từ trong câu mệnh lệnh trực tiếp đổi thành động từ nguyên thể.
- Khẳng định : V0 ... => S + V + 0 + to V0
+ 0 + to V0
+ Commanded ( Yeu cầu )
+ Told ( Noi )
+ Asked ( Yeu cầu )	
+ Requested ( Yeu cầu )
 Eg: “Please wait for a minute.” The man asked me
 à The man asked me to wait for a minute.
+ 0 + not to V0
- Phủ định : Don’t V0... => S + V + 0 + not to V0
+ ordered 
+ told
+ asked
Ex: “ Please don’t talk loudly”.
 à He asked me not to talk loudly.
 - He said “Don’t shut the door”.
à He asked me not to shut the door.
d. Cõu cảm thỏn trong lời núi giỏn tiếp: (Exclamationin reported speech)
- Động từ tường thuật là: exclaim/shout 
Ex: He said, “ What a lovely garden they have”
=> He exclaimed that they had a lovely garden.
- Cỏc hỡnh thức cảm thỏn bắt đầu bằng “what’ và “how” chuyển sang giỏn tiếp bằng:
 He said that it was  / hoặc He exclaimed that it was 
Ex: 1: She said; “What a pity!” (Direct speech) 
-> She exclaimed that it was a pity
2. I said; “What a nice horse”
 -> I exclaimed that it was a nice hoese
3. He said; “How beautiful she is!”
-> He exclaimed that she was beautiful! 
4. “What a big egg” he said 
 -> He said that it was a big egg.
X. TENSE TRANSFORMATION: 
a. The last time + S + V2/ed + ........ + was + ago / in
 S + hasn’t / haven’t + V3/ed + ...... for / since
b. S + last + V2/ed + ...... ago / in
 S + hasn’t / haven’t + V3/ed + ..... for / since
Chỳ ý : It ‘s + khoảng thời gian + since + S + last + V2/ed 
Ex: 1. The last time we saw Tom was in 2000.
=> ..............................................................................................................................................
=>.........................................................................................................................................
2. She was last at school was ten years ago.
=> ..............................................................................................................................................
=>............................................................................................................................................
3. They haven’t visited New York for a long time .
=>............................................................................................................................................
=>............................................................................................................................................
c. S + started/ began + to V0/ V-ing + ...... ago / in
 S + has/ have + V3/ed + ....... for / since
Ex: 1. I started to work in this school when I graduated from the university.
=>............................................................................................................................................
2. Mr Brown has been a doctor for twenty years.
=>............................................................................................................................................
3. This is the first time + S + have / has + V3/ed + ......
 S + has/ have + never + V3/ed + ... before.
 hasn’t / haven’t + ever
Ex: 1. This is the first time we visited New York .
=>..................................................................................................................................................
2. She has never come to Britain before.
=>.................................................................................................................................................
3. It is over twenty years since I last got in touch with them
=>................................................................................................................................................
=>..................................................................................................................................................
4. The last time we went to the cinema was five years ago.
=>............................................................................................................................................
5. My father has worked in this company for 20 years.
=>...........................................................................................................................................
6. Tom hasn’t leraned French for a long time.
=>...............................................................................................................................................
=>................................................................................................................................................
7. It is twenty years since I was last at Mary’s house.
=>..................................................................................................................................................
=>................................................................................................................................................
4. S1 + be + The + SS nhất + noun + S2 + has/ have+ V3/ed ....
S2 + has / have + never + ( a/ an ) + SS hơn + noun + Than + S1
Ex: 1. She is the most beautiful girl I have ever seen.
=>....................................................................................................................................................
2. We have n