Đề cương ôn học kì 2 Khối 10 môn tiếng Anh - Năm học 2017-2018

TRƯỜNG THPT KIM LIÊN
 TỔ NGOẠI NGỮ
 ĐỀ CƯƠNG ÔN HỌC KÌ 2 - KHỐI 10 
 MÔN: TIẾNG ANH – Năm học 2017-2018
Giới hạn chương trình: Từ bài 6 đến hết phần Reading bài 10.
Bố cục bài kiểm tra: 60% trắc nghiệm và 40% tự luận.
C. Nội dung: 
 I. Vocabulary : Từ bài 6 đến hết phần Reading bài 10.
 II. Language focus and grammar:	
- Conditionals
	- The Passive voice with Modals
	- Reported speech
	- Articles
	- Relative clauses
	- Comparatives and superlatives
 D. Các dạng bài tập: 
	1. Pronunciation 
	2. Choose the best answer (vocabulary and grammar)
	3. Error identification
	4. Reading (Cloze test & Reading comprehension)
	5. Word formation
	6. Writing (Sentence building & sentence transformation)
PRACTICE EXERCISES
PRONUNCIATION
Choose the word whose underlined part is pronounced differently from that of the others.
A. environment	B. fertilizer	C. editor	D. scientist
A. disposal	B.	inorganic	C. chemical	D. natural
A. reduction	B. pollution	C. solution	D. conclusion
A. consume	B. rinse	C. resource	D. organise
A. diverse	B. Ritual	C. Bridesmaid	D. decisive
A. ceremony	B. prosperous	C. prestige	D. present (n)
A. propose	B. approval	C. groom	D. superstition
A. originate	B. prestigious	C. engagement	D. religious
A. preservation 	B. enrol	C. preference	D. secondary
A. sue	B.	spend	C. sure	D. pursue
A. dependent	B. educate	C. devotion	D. accept
A. benefit	B. encourage	C. encounter	D. implement
A. access	B. affect	C. application	D. fact
A. digital	B. fingertip	C. identify	D. mobile
A. preparation	B. application	C. suggestion	D. education
Choose the word whose stress is placed differently from that of the others.
A. fertilizer	B. ecosystem 	C. agriculture	D. environment
A.machinery	B. independent	C.preservation	D.conservation
A. psychological	B. environmental	C. contamination	D. deforestation
A. atmosphere	B. influence	C. contaminate	D. instrument
A. deplete	B. preserve	C. sewage	D. pollute
A. reasonable	B. appropriate	C. enjoyable	D. accessible
A. identify	B. disadvantage	C. technology	D. eliminate
A. introduce	B. understand	C. consider	D. entertain
A. limit	B. demand	C. research	D. distract
A. culture	B. diverse	C. fortune	D. altar
A. reception	B. embarras	C. devoted	D. symbolise
A. freedom	B. gender	C. image	D. admire
A. expense	B. educate	C. college	D. income
A. success	B. famous	C. courage	D. office
A. maintain	B. perform	C. prefer	D. offer
VOCABULARY AND GRAMMAR
Vocabulary: Choose the best answer among A, B, C or D that best completes each sentence.
Since the appearance of electronic devices, lessons have become more and more _____ and effective.
	A. enjoyable	B. disruptive	C. accessible	D. inappropriate
The phrase “____ natives” refers to people who are familiar with computers and the Internet from an early age.
A. device 	B. portable	C. electronic	D. digital
Burning garbage _____ dangerous gases to the environment, and this may lead to global warming.
 A. throws	B. sends 	C.emits 	D. rejects
Intensive pesticide and fertilizer sprays used in agriculture have resulted in the serious____of water, soil and land.
 A. protection	B. pollution	C. deforestation	D. consumption
________ is a term that refers to the existence of different kinds of animals and plants which make a balanced environment.
	A. Wildlife	B. Biodiversity	C. Challenge	D. Investigation
The _________ rate of students in high schools is said to increases sharply this year.
	A. equality	 B. gender	 C. discrimination	D. enrolment
A man who is getting married or about to get married is a__________.
A. bride	B. bridegroom	 	C. bridesmaid	D. best man
A______ is a ceremony at which two people are married to each other.
A. reception	B. banquet	 C. wedding	 	D. proposal
The bride may have one or more __who keep the bride calm, help her get ready and look after her dress.
A. bridegroom	s 	B. bridesmaids C. best men	 D. fiancé
Digital lessons are available in a variety of webpages and they can be freely ____and stored in your computers.
A. uploaded	B. downloaded	C. printed	D. distracted
Personal electronic devices which ______students from their class work are banned in most schools.
A. benefit	B. protect	C. distract	D. submit
Thanks to the Internet, students can look _______new words in online dictionaries.
A. in	B. on	C. at	D. up
Her parents were delighted that their daughter was engaged ____such a nice young man.
A. with	B. for	C. to 	D. at
15. Jack and Linda ______ last week. They just weren’t happy together.
 A. broke up 	B. broke into 	C. finished off 	D. ended up
16. We must solve the problem of air poluttion immediately for the ___ of the people living in this place.
A. role	B. side	C. sake	D. ritual
17. Now, if you’d all please raise your glasses, I’d like to make a ________ to the bride and groom. 
A. toast	 B. heat	C. roast	D. bake
18. The car owner sued the truck driver _________ the damage he caused to her car in the accident.
	A. about	B. on	C. to	D. for
19. Non-renewable energy sources are running ____.
	A. up	B. on	C. to	D. out
20. What do you think could be the negative effects of __________ computers ? 
 A. overlooking	B. overtaking	C. overusing	D. overeating
21. He's ________ with the president and may soon be fired.
A. in favor of 	B. out of favor	C. do a favor	D. in his favor
22. We should develop such ____ sources of energy as solar energy and nuclear energy.
A. tradition 	B. alternative	C. revolutionary 	 D. surprising
23. _________ are the standards and expectations to which women and men generally conform.
 A. Social problems 	B. Shabby manners 	C. Gender norms 	D. Ill omens 
24. Those smart phones are selling like_. If you want one, you’d better buy one now before they’re all gone.
A. hotdogs 	B. fresh bread 	C. hot cakes 	D. fresh shrimps
25. “What’s the matter? You don’t look very well.” – “I feel a little __________.”
A. under the weather	B. out of the blue	C. out of order	D. down to earth
26. Lily: “I’m sorry. I can’t be of more help in this matter”. –Tuan: “ ....................................................”
A. Yes, the matter is helpless
B. That’s fine. I understand
C. You are welcome
D. That’s a problem
27. Davis: - I reckon that preserving the environment is the responsibility of every individual.
 Mai: “- _______________ . Everyone should do something to protect the earth - our common home.”
	A. I see things differently 	B. I’ll say the opposite
	C. There is no room for doubt	D. That’s not always the case 
28. Would you mind turning your stereo down ? - .........................................
A. Not at all
B. I’d be gald to
C. Yes, I’ll do it now
D. Sorry. I didn’t mean it
29. Marry: “ Do you fancy black coffee or white coffee?”- John: “................................................”
A. Let me make you a hot cup
B. Never mind
C. It’s all the same to me
D. It’s my cup of tea
30. Kara: “Do you want to book an eco tour or a camping safari?”- Bella: “.............................”
A. Yes, I want a book about eco tours
B. An eco tour sounds more interesting to me
C. No, I do not like a camping safari
D. I couldn’t agree more
Mark the letter A, B, C, or D to indicate the words/phrases that are CLOSEST in meaning to the underlined words/phrases. 
31. A computer or laptop can be your powerful weapon and you can take advantage of the Internet your study. 
A. take notice of	B. have benefits of	C. take benefits of	D. make use of	
32. “Edwards seems like a dog with two tails this morning”. “Haven’t you heard the news? His wife gave birth to a baby boy early this morning.”
A. extremely happy	B. extremely dazed	C. very exhausted	D. very proud
33. Discharging chemical pollutants into the environment is a cruel action to the environment as well as the future generation.
A. Releasing	B. Filling	C. Making	D. Adding
34. The area is roped off because the water is seriously polluted.	 
A. contaminated B. disappeared	C. purified 	 	D. endangered
35. The environmental habital of some rare animals is being threatened. 
 A. aware
B. endangered
C. dangerous
D. share
36. Many species of fauna and flora in this national park is being in danger. 
 A. sauna
B. coral
C. animals
D. coastal
37. Water pollution is a result of dumping pollutants such as detergents, pesticides, oil and other chemicals in rivers.
A. contaminants	B. sewage	C. insecticides 	D. substances
38. In Vietnam, people often choose a favorable day for their important occasions.
A. beautiful	B. suitable	C. acceptable	D. fair weathered
39. When do you intend to tie the knot with your Japanese girl? 
A. break up	B. fall in love 	C. get married 	D. live under the same roof
40. After the wedding ceremony, there is usually a reception for the guests. 
 A. proposal ceremony	B. engagement ceremony C. formal party 	D. festival
Grammar: Choose the best answer among A, B, C or D that best completes each sentence.
1. ______ we to live in the country we wouldn’t mind having children.
	A. If	B. Were	C. Should	D. Had
2. This is a rare opportunity_______ you should take advantage to get a better job.
A. to which	B. for which	C. of which	D. on which
3. if you want to see the manager.
A. You make an appointment
B. Make an appointment
C. You would make an appointement
D. Should you make an appointement
4. The economic conditions today are __________ than they were in the past.
	A. much more good 	B. far better 	C. more better	D. the best
5. This tablet is more modern, but it costs________ the other one.
A. as twice much as 	B. twice as much as	C. two times much as D. two times as more than
6. She reminded me to come on time for the party ________. 
A. tomorrow evening	B. the day after tomorrow C. in two days’ time	D. next weekend
7. He asked me why _________to the meeting.
A. didn’t I come	B. don’t I come	C. you didn’t come	D. I hadn’t come
8. The United States consists of fifty states, ________ has its own government.
A. they each	B. each of them	C. each of which	D. each of that
9. We are talking about the writer ________ latest book is one of the best-sellers this year.
A. who	B. whose	C. which	D. whom
10. Gender equality _____ without the support of the government, organization, and individuals.
 A. Mustn’t be achieved B. needn’t be achieved	 C. shouldn’t be achieved	D. cannot be achieved
11. Of the two projects, I think the first one is ___________ .
 A. the most convincing	B. the more convincing	C. more convincing	D. most convincing
12. Can you imagine what____________ if the air ____________ polluted entirely?
A. will happen / is	B. would happen / were
C. had happen / had been	D. happened / will be
13. I have two brothers. ______older one is training to be ______ pilot with British Airways. _____ younger one is still at ______ school.
A. The/ x/ the/ x	B. The/ a/ the /x 	C. an/ a/ the/ x 	D. the/ the/ the/ x
14. ____________ you to be offered that job, would you have to move to another city?
	A. Provided that	B. Should	C. Were	D. Had 
Do you know the man________ lives in the house opposite mine?
	A. who	B. what	C. which	D. when
She plays ________ guitar very well. She is an accomplished guitarist.
	A. a	B. an	C. the 	D. Ø
WWF recognised the giant panda ____the symbol of the organisation.
 A. as	B. like	C. under	D. with
All forms of discrimination against all women and girls ________immediately everywhere.
A. must be taken away 	B. must be ended 	C. must be allowed 	D. must be followed
True gender equality______ when both men and women reach a balance between work and family. :
A. can achieve	B. should be achieved C. can be achieved 	D. should achieve
You must slow down in built-up areas. __ you drive in the city, it is ___ that you’ll have an accident.
A. The faster and faster / the more	B. The faster / the more probable
C. The more and more fast / the more and more probable	D. The more fastly / the probable
Notebooks, tablets and cellphones are all technology ______students are accustomed and can use as learning aids.
A. with which	B. to it	C. to which	D. with that
All smartphones________storage hardware is big can store downloaded audio books.
A. which	B. who	C. whose	D. that
Science teachers____use the 3D projectors and other electronic devices can easily illustrate the lessons.
A. whom	B. what	C. who	D. whose
 Last week, he told us that we ______ a picnic at the end of the week on Friday.
 A. can have	B. did have	C. would have	D. had had	
I asked her _______ to pursue higher studies the next year.
 A. are you planning	B. if she is planning C. was she planning	 D. if she was planning
26. Would you be angry if I _____ your pocket dictionary?
 A. stolen	B. have stolen	C. were to steal	D. steal
27. If it ___ convenient, let’s go out for a drink tonight.
	A. be	B. is	C. was	D. were
28. Paul walked past me without saying a word. He ________ me.
A. mightn’t have seen B. shouldn’t have seen 	C. mustn’t have seen 	D. needn’t have seen
29. A child _______ everything he or she wants.
	A. must be given	B. shouldn’t be given	C. mustn’t be given	D. can be given
30. He is wearing a gold ring on his fourth finger. He ________.
	A. must be married	B. should be married	C. can be married	D. might be married
ERROR IDENTIFICATION: Choose the underlined part that needs correction
1. It is right that politicians (A) should make (B) important decisions without consulting (C) the public 
to who (D) they are accountable?
2. In an essay(A) writing(B) in 1779, Judith Sargent Murray promoted the cause of (C) women’s education(D).
3. This year (A), that (B) is for the first time, the event is open to (C) all amateur athletes along with (D) the 
traditional professional.
4. Some people(A) think that there is still(B) gender discriminate (C) in(D) our country.
Working as (A) a volunteer provides(B) you for(C) opportunities to know more about (D) cultural diversity.
They announced that(A) he has met(B) a number of key(C) figures the day(D) before.
I have never been to(A) Danang, where(B) is said to be the most(D) peaceful city in Vietnam(D) 
What is(A) the name of the(B) boy his father(C) is the president of the(D) school parents Association?
9. Personal(A) electronic devices may bring(B) more harmful(C) than good(D) to students
10. One reason birds have been(A) so successful is because of their able to escape from danger quickly(D) 
11. Bacteria lived(A) in the soil play(B) a vital role in recycling(C) the carbon and nitrogen needed(D) by plants.
12. Any bicycle brought (A) onto school(B) grounds should clearly babel(C) with the owner’s(D) name
13. The charity(A) organization provides a poor(B) in the locality with(C) a lot of household furniture(D). 
14. You mustn’t(A) fill in this section if(B) you don’t want to(C) . It’s(D) optional.
15. He said to me(A) that his father has worked(B) for(C) that company for 20 years(D).
16. Rattan, a close(A) relative of bamboo, is often used to make tables, chairs, and other furnitures. 
17. Cable television(A) companies recently(B) announced that it(C) will increase services charges(D) next year. 
18. The written(A) English, which is not systematically(B) phonetic, causes difficulties(C) to the foreigners.
19. Natural(A) resources provide the raw material are needed(B) to produce(C) finished goods(D) .
20. The(A) policeman asked the boy if(B) he has really seen(C) that happen(D) with his own eyes.
WORD BUILDING: 
1. As a country situated in Asia, in which many mysteries and legends originate, Vietnam has kept various___________________ beliefs about daily activities. (SUPERSTITION)
2. The coastal areas have been severely _________________by the disposals of harmful chemical rubbish. (POLLUTE)
3. The______________of fossil fuels has gradually increased in many countries which is concern for many environmentalists. (CONSUME)
4. All fossil fuels are _________________ resources that cannot be replaced after use. (RENEW)
5. Increased consumption will lead to faster _________________ of our natural resources. (EXHAUST)
6. Many national parks have been established to protect _________________animals. (DANGER) 
7. A large international meeting was held with the aim of promoting _____________ development in all countries. (SUSTAIN) 
8. ___________________ are making great efforts to help save the giant panda from becoming extinction. (ENVIRONMENT)
9. Evolution occurs as a result of _________________ to new environments. (ADAPT)
10. _______________is the business of organizing holidays to places that people do not usually visit in a way which does not damage the environment. (TOURISM)
11. The destruction of the rain forests is an _____________ disaster. (ECOLOGY)
11. Pike claimed they had ________________ against him because of his nationality. (DISCRIMINATION) 
12. She was aware of gender ___________________ in favour of men in her company. (PREFER) 
13. These old envelops are _________________so we can save money (USE )
14______________________ , my father used to go to school with your father. ( INTEREST )
15. The ___________________loss of land is the result of severve deforestation ( MASS )
16. It is advised that ____________________ must be responsible for their action during the trip ( TOUR)
17. In some countries, it is believed that black cats bring ________________ to the people who happen to meet them. (FORTUNE)
18. In the UK, it is ___________________ for the bride to throw her bouquet of flowers into a crowd of well-wishers. (CUSTOM)
19. Voice ____________________is the app which helps some types of smartphone attracts customers (RECOGNIZE )
20. Accessing to ____________________ information harms your mental health ( APPROPRIATE )
READING: Fill a word that best fits each space in the following passage.
Passage 1:
Like man, most plants depend on animals for many of their basic (1) ________ . Without animals, many plants could not easily reproduce. (2) ________ example, many plants with flowers depend on bees and (3) ________ insects to carry their pollen from plant. 
Many oak trees grow from acorns that squirrels bury and then forget, or from acorns that deer step on and push deep into the soil. Birds often (4) ________ from one place to another with seeds clinging to their feet. The seeds may sprout a great distance from the parent (5) ________ .
Passage 2:
Do you avoid walking (1) __________ladders ? Do black cats make you nervous ? Some people are very superstitious. They carry a lucky charm such as a rabbit’s foot (2) ____________ they go. Why is a rabbit lucky ? Because it’s born with its eyes open, of course!
 Where do superstitions (3) ______________ from ? Long ago, people didn’t have the scientific knowledge we do today. To reduce their fear about unexplainable events, people came up with rituals. They passed their beliefs (4) _____________ from generation to generation. Some superstitions are timeless. Floors in buildings still go from the 12th to the 14th floor, even though nobody can agree (5) __________ the number 13 is unlucky.
Passage 3:
Although some groups of people have always lived outdoors in tents, camping as we know it today only began to be popular about 50 years (1) __________ . The increase in the use of cars and improvements in camping (2) _____________ have allowed more people to travel longer distances into the countryside and to stay there in greater comfort. Many campers like to be (3) __________ themselves in quiet areas, so they take their tent and food and walk or (4) __________cycle into the forests or the mountains. Others, preferring to be near people , drive to a public or privately-owned campsite (5) __________which has up-to-date facilities like hot showers and swimming pools. 
READING COMPREHENSION: 
Read the following passage and choose the best answers to the questions.
Passage 4: 
Conservation conflicts arise when natural-resource shortages develop in the face of steadily increasing demands from a growing human population. Controversy frequently surrounds how a resource should be used, or allocated, and for whom. For example, a river may supply water for agricultural irrigation, habitat for fish, and water-generated electricity for a factory. Farmers, fishers, and industry leader vie for unrestricted access to this river, but such freedom could destroy the resource, and conservation methods are necessary to protect the river for future use.
Conflicts worsen when a natural resource crosses political boundaries. For example, the headwaters, or source, of a major river may be located in a different country than the country through which the river flows. There is no guarantee that the river source will be protected to accommodate resource needs downstream. In addition, the way in which one natural resource is managed has a direct effect upon other natural resources. Cutting down a forest near a river, for instance, increases erosion, the wearing away of topsoil, and can lead to flooding. Eroded soil and silt cloud the river and adversely affect many organisms such as fish and important aquatic plants that require clean, clear freshwater for survival.
1. What does “supply” in line 3 mean?
A. cover
B. provide
C. make up for
D. compensate for
2. Which word in the reading means “ living or growing in, or relating to water” ?
A. agriculture
B. major
C. fresh
D. aquatic
3. When do conflicts get worse ?
A. when natural-resource shortages increase in the features of gradually increasing demands from a rising human population.
B. when a natural resource crosses political borders
C. when freedom could destroy the resource.
D. when eroded soil and silt cloud affect many organisms.
4. Which sentence below is NOT correct?
A. Argument often surrounds how a resource should be used, or allocated, and for whom.
B. A river may provide water for agricultural irrigation, habitat for fish, and water-generated electricity for a factory
C. Conservation methods are incidental to care for the river for future use.
D. Farmers, fishers and industry leaders vie for open access to this river.
5. What is the passage above mainly about?
A. Conservation conflicts
B. Agricultural irrigation
C. The headwaters of a major river
D. Natural-resource shortages
Passage 5:
 In many ways, the increasingly rapid pace of climate change is a direct result of the growth of the human population. In the last 100 years, the world population has more than tripled. Obviously, this has meant that the world has needed to produce three times as much food, energy, and other natural resources.
 In addition, the average person uses more energy and natural resources than the average person one hundred years ago, meaning that the rates of consumption are actually much higher than just the increase in population would imply. 
All of these activities: food production, energy usage, and the use of natural resources, contribute to climate change in some way. The greater amounts of oil and other fuels burned to create energy release chemicals which add to global warming. In order to produce more food, farmers cut down trees to gain more land for their fields. In addition, we cut down trees to build the houses needed for a larger population. Those trees are an essential part of controlling global warming.
 In addition to a growing population, the world also has a population that desires a higher standard of living than in the past, and a higher standard of living requires the use of even more natural resources. For example, China is the world’s most populous nation, with 1.3 billion people. Currently, the standard of living for most of those people is far below that of people in first world nations. Therefore, the average Chinese citizen uses far fewer natural resources and less energy than the average citizen of the US or Japan. If every Chinese person attains a first world lifestyle, the amount of energy and natural resources needed in the world will double, even if the standard of living in every other nation on Earth remains the same as it is today.
1. The word “pace” in the passage is closest in meaning to _____.
A. growth	B. speed	C. problem	D. pollution
2. The word “consumption” in the passage is closest in meaning to _____.
A. development	B. usage	C. population	D. increase
3. According to the passage, how does food production contribute to global warming?
A. Food production requires that the forests be cleared to create farmland.
B. Food production uses many chemicals which add to global warming.
C. Producing more food leads to growth in the world population.
D. Food production decreases the ability of the air to release heat.
4. According to the passage, how does the standard of living affect global warming?
A. Higher standards of living are better for the environment.
B. First world nations create less population than developing nations.
C. The use of natural resources is directly related to the standard of living.
D. High standards of living lead to increases in world population.
5. Why does the author discuss China, Japan and the United States?
A. To compare the standards of their citizens.
B. To explain why China will not be able to become a first world nation.
C. To explain why the world’s use of energy will need to double soon.
D. To better illustrate the effects of an increase in standards of living.
WRITING
Rewrite the following sentences with the given words.
The last person that leaves the house must lock the door. (Reducing the relative clause)
@ The ..
I can’t remember the name of the garage. We had the car repaired at this garage. (Using a relative pronoun)
@ I _______________________________________________________________________________
I’m sure that you are exhausted because you've been driving all day. (using “must”)
@ You ______________________________________________________________________________
We didn’t go on holiday because we didn’t have enough money.
@ If we ___________________________________________________________________________
5. I would like to express my thanks for everything you have done for me. (using the word “ thankful” ) 
@ I’d like .
6. The porter said to me, "I'll wake you up when the train arrives in Leeds."(using Reported speech)
@ The porter..
7. Don’t be impatient or you will make mistakes.
=> If..................................
8. The car breaks down so often because you don’t take good care of it.
=> Were you .........	
9. A number of suggestions were made at the meeting. Most of them were not very practical.(Using a relative pronoun)
=> Most of the......................................................................................................... 
10. "Phone to me for an answer tomorrow” the manager said to the client. (using Reported speech)
=> ....................................................................................................................................................................
It is necessary to finish the project today. (using “needs”)
@ The project ............................................................................................................................................
 It's possible that Joanna didn't receive my message. 
@ Joanna might ........................................................................................................................................
It wasn’t Tom in the mall yesterday because he was in the hospital. I’m sure. 
@ Tom can’t......
It was wrong of you to criticize him in front of many people. 
@ You shouldn’t ....
He regrets having said those terrible things. 
 @ He wished...............
I’m sure that he did it on purpose. 
@ He must......
17. It is not neccessary for you to pay too much attention to your appearance.
@ You don’t .....................................................................................................................................................
18. Life on earth will be destroyed if nuclear tests do not stop.
@ Should 
19. This is the first time I have ever met such a kind-hearted girl.
@ She is .............................................................................
20. Lan’s house is 115 square meters wide, An’s house is 115 square meters wide, too. (using “size” )
@ Lan’s house ..............................................................................................................................................
Make meaningful sentences with the given suggestions:
1. He/ not/ know /foreign language/ made/ it /difficult/ him / get /well-paid job.
→............................................................................................................................................................................2. nowadays/ our lives/ improved/ much/ progresses/ science and technology//
→............................................................................................................................................................................
3. Recent laws / prohibit/ specific types/ /job discrimination/ /certain workplaces// promoted /equal employment opportunity/ USA.
→............................................................................................................................................................................
4. air / many areas / so unclean that / people/ have to / masks / going / streets
→............................................................................................................................................................................
5. Air pollution / lead / greenhouse effect / make / temperature / earth’s surface / higher
→............................................................................................................................................................................
6. Everyone / live / earth / should have / responsibility / reduce / ai