Đại từ Tiếng Anh

1. Định nghĩa đại từ
Đại từ là từ thay thế cho danh từ, tránh sự lặp lại danh từ.
2. Phân loại đại từ 
2.1. Đại từ nhân xưng (personal pronouns)
- Đại từ làm chủ ngữ gồm: I, you, he/she/it, we, they
- Đại từ làm tân ngữp: me, you, him/her/it, us, them
Chức năng: 
– I, he, she, we, they có thể là chủ ngữ của động từ:
He has lived here for 3 years.
– Me, him, her, us, them có thể là tân ngữ trực tiếp của động từ.
I saw her at the party last night.
– Me, him, her, us, them có thể là tân ngữ gián tiếp của động từ Hoặc tân ngữ của giới từ:
Ann gave him a book.
We couldn’t do it without them.
Chú ý:
- Vị trí chủ ngữ trong câu hoặc đứng sau động từ be, đằng sau các phó từ so sánh như than, as, that...
The teachers who were invited to the party were George, Bill and I.
It was she who called you.
- Ngay sau các ngôi số nhiều như we, you bạn có thể dùng một danh từ số nhiều để làm rõ we, you là chỉ cái gì.
We students are going to have a party (Sinh viên chúng tôi .....)
- We/ You/ They có thể dùng với all/ both. Trong trường hợp câu có động từ đơn thì chúng đi liền với nhau, nhưng nếu all hoặc both đi với các đại từ này ở dạng câu có trợ động từ thì all hoặc both sẽ đứng sau trợ động từ (All và Both cũng phải đứng sau động từ to be, trước tính từ)
We all go to school now.
We will all go to school next week.
We are all ready to go swimming.
- Dùng he/she thay thế cho các vật nuôi nếu chúng được xem là có tính cách, thông minh hoặc tình cảm (chó, mèo, ngựa...)
Go and find the cat if where she stays in.
- Tên nước, tên các con tàu được thay thế trang trọng bằng she (ngày nay it dùng).
England is an island country and she is governed by a mornach.
- Đằng sau us có thể dùng một danh từ số nhiều trực tiếp, giống như đối với đại từ nhân xưng chủ ngữ.
The teacher has made a lot of questions for us students.
2.2. Đại từ bất định (indefinite pronouns)
• Ví dụ: 
Nhóm kết hợp với some: something, someone, somebody. 
Nhóm kết hợp với any: anything, anyone, anybody. 
Nhóm kết hợp với every: everything, everyone, everybody. 
Nhóm kết hợp với no: nothing, no one, nobody. 
Nhóm độc lập gồm các từ: all, one, none, other, another, much, less, (a) few, (a) little, enough, each, either, neither.
• Một số trong các đại từ trên đây cũng có thể được dùng như tính từ (tính từ bất định -indefinite adjectives): any, some, every, no, all, one, none, other, another, much, less, (a) few, (a) little, enough, each, either, neither.
2.3. Đại từ sở hữu (possessive pronouns)
• Gồm: mine, yours, hers, his, ours, yours, theirs, its
• Đại từ sở hữu = tính từ sở hữu + danh từ
Ví dụ: That is Ann’s room. This is our room = This is ours.
You’ve got my pen. Where’s yours?
Ví dụ: That book is hers.
Sai: That book is hers book.
        That book is her’s.
          Bản thân Đại từ sở hữu là một danh từ. Vì vậy một danh từ khác không thể được liền ngay sau một Đại từ sở hữu. Đại từ sở hữu khôngdùng dấu lược (‘).
Ví dụ: Her book is here.
          Một Tính từ sở hữu cần được theo sau bởi một danh từ, Tính từ sở hữu không đứng riêng lẻ.
Ví dụ: A bird uses its wings to fly.
           It’s cold today.
          Its không sử dụng dấu phẩy lược (‘) khi mang nghĩa sở hữu.
          It’s có dấu phẩy lược (‘) khi nó là viết tắt của It is, It was, it has
2.4. Đại từ phản thân (reflexive pronouns)
•Gồm: myself, yourself, himself, herself, itself, ourselves, yourselves, themselves 
Chú ý: ourselves, yourselves, themselves là hình thức số nhiều.
• Chức năng:
– Làm tân ngữ của động từ khi chủ ngữ và tân ngữ là cùng một người:
I cut myself.
Tom and Ann blamed themselves for the accident. 
– Được sử dụng như trường hợp trên sau động từ + giới từ:
He spoke to himself.
Look after yourself.
I’m annoyed with myself.
– Được sử dụng như các đại từ nhấn mạnh danh từ hoặc đại từ:
The King himself gave her the medal.
Chúng thường nhấn mạnh chủ ngữ của câu và được đặt sau nó:
Ann herself opened the door.
Tom himself went.
Khi chúng nhấn mạnh các danh từ khác, chúng được đặt ngay sau danh từ đó:
I saw Tom himself.
I spoke to the President himself.
– Được sử dụng như các tân ngữ sau giới từ:
I did it by myself.
He did that to himself.
2.5. Đại từ quan hệ (relative pronouns)
• Ví dụ: who, whom, which, that, whose,
• Chức năng: 
– Who, that, which làm chủ ngữ:
The man who robbed you has been arrested.
Everyone that/who knew him liked him.
This is the picture that/which caused such a sensation.
– Làm tân ngữ của động từ: 
The man whom I saw told me to come back today.
The car which/that I hired broke down. 
– Theo sau giới từ:
The ladder on which I was standing began to slip.
Tuy nhiên, giới từ cũng có thể chuyển xuống cuối mệnh đề:
The ladder which I was standing on began to slip. 
– Hình thức sở hữu (whose + danh từ):
The film is about a spy whose wife betrays him.
• Chú ý: when =in/on which 
Where = in/at which 
Why = for which 
Ví dụ:
The year in which he was born
The day on which they arrived 
The hotel at which they are staying
The reason for which he refused is
2.6. Đại từ chỉ định (demonstrative pronouns)
• Ví dụ: this, that, these, those
• Tính từ chỉ định (demonstrative adjectives) this, that và số nhiều của chúng là these, those được dùng trước danh từ nhằm xác định vị trí của danh từ ấy đối với người nói. 
Khi những tính từ này được dùng độc lập, không có danh từ theo sau, nó trở thành đại từ chỉ định (demonstrative pronouns). 
• Ngoài việc thay thế cho một danh từ, đại từ chỉ định còn cho người nghe khái niệm gần hơn hay xa hơn về thời gian hoặc khoảng cách. 
Ví dụ:
There is this seat here, near me.
There is that one in the last row. Which will you have, this or that? 
That is what I thought last year, this is what I think now.
2.7. Đại từ nghi vấn (interrogative pronouns)
• Ví dụ: who, whom, whose, what, which 
• Chức năng: 
– Làm chủ ngữ:
Who keeps the keys?
Whose car broke down?
Which pigeon arrived first?
What kind of tree is that?
– Làm tân ngữ của động từ:
Who did you see?
Whose umbrella did you borrow?
Which hand do you use?
What paper do you read?
Luyện tập
Choose the correct words in italics.
1. This is my/mine  umbrella. Your/yours  umbrella is over there.
2. This umbrella is my/mine . The other one is your/yours .
3. Mary and Bob have their/theirs books. In other words, Mary has her/hers  and Bob has his/him .
4. A honey bee has two wings on each side of its/it’s  body.
5. Its/it’s true that a homing pigeon will find its/it’s  way home even though it begins its/it’s  trip in unfamiliar territory.
6. I have a pet. Its/it’s  name is Squeak. Its/it’s  a turtle. Its/ it’s  been my pet for two years.
7. Our/ours  house is almost the same as our/ours neighbors’ house. The only difference in appearance is that our/ours is gray and their/theirs  is white.
8. When I was in Florida, I observed an iteresting fish-eating bird called an anhinga. It/they  dives into the water and spears its/it’s  prey on its/it’s  long, pointed bill. After emerging from the water, it/they  tosses the fish into the air and catches it/them  in mid-air, then swallow its/them  head first.Its/it’s  interesting to watch anhingas in action. I enjoy watching it/them .
Bài tập 2
1. __________ book is expensive.
a. This	b. These
2. __________ cat is small.
a. That	b. Those
3. __________ pens are blue.
a. This	b. These
4. __________ movie is funny.
a. That 	b. Those
5. __________ airplanes are very big.
a. That
b. Those
6. __________ morning is perfect for a walk.
a. This
b. These
7. __________ car is expensive.
a. That
b. Those
8. __________ candy is delicious.
a. This
b. These
9.__________ children are cold.
a. That
b. Those
10. __________ food is healthy.
a. This
b. These
Complete with the right words demonstrative.
1. (Talking about a book in your hand) How could you buy something like ______________?
2. (With a bowl of cherries on your lap) ______________ cherries are delicious!
3. (During a long walk) I should have worn those shoes I bought in Greece last year; ___________ have never been comfortable.
4. Could you bring me ____________ book I left in the garden?
5. (From the marriage vows) To have and to hold from _____________ day forward.
6. I hate those books which tell you: " ____________ is what you have to do to become rich"
7. (About a picture hanging on the wall) _________________ are my children.
8. (About a picture you've just taken from your wallet) _______________ is my wife.
Bài tập 4: Chọn dạng đúng của đại từ trong mỗi câu sau:
1. Richard is expecting (us/our) to got to class tomorrow.
2. You shouldn’t rely on (him/his) calling you in the morning.
3. They don’t approve of (us/our) leaving early.
4. George asked (me/my) to call him last night.
5. We understand (him/his) having to leave early.
6. We are expecting (Henry/Henry’s) to call us.
7. They are looking forward to (us/our) visiting them.
Bài tập 5: Chọn đại từ chỉ ngôi để hoàn thành các câu sau:
1. (We/us) all went with (them/they).
2. They know all about my friends and (I/me).
3. Mr.Nam and (he/him) came last night.
4. There are some letters for you and (me/I).
5. What would you do if you were (he/ him)
6. It was (him/he) I was talking about.
Bài 6: Điền vào chỗ trống bằng đại từ phản thân hoặc đại từ nhấn mạnh
1. It was pleasant to warm.before a good fire.
2. There was so much noise that he couldn’t hearspeak.
3. She was angry with for breaking her doll.
4. They look at.in the looking-glass.
5. Ba goes and hides behind the curtain.
6. I want to see Mrs. Linh., not her husband.
7. You..told me the story.
8. I hope you will enjoy.at the party.
9. You must learn your lesson.Nobody can do it for you.
Đáp án
1. my/ your	2. mine /yours	3. their/hers/ his
4. its	5. It’s/ its/ its	6. Its/ it’s/ it’s
7. our/ our/ theirs	8. it/ its /its/ it/ it/ its/ it's/ them
Bài 2:
1.a. This
2. a. That
3. b. These
4. a. That
5. b. Those
6. a. This
7. a. That
8. b. These
9. a. That
10. a. This
Bài 3
this
These
these
that
this
This
Those
This
Bài 4:
1. us 
2. his 
3. our 
4. me 
5. his 
6. Henry 
7. our
Bài5: 
1. we, them 
2. I 
3. he 
4. me 
5. him
6. he
Bài 6: 
1. ourselves 
2. himself 
3. herself 
4. themselves 
5. himself 
6. herself 
7. yourself 
8. yourselves 
9. yourself
I. Các dạng thức của Other
Examples
Types
Adjective
Pronoun
Các dạng thức của Other có thể được sử dụng như tính từ hoặc đại từ.
Dạng other có đuôi –s (others) chỉ được sử dụng như đại từ ở dạng số nhiều (không bao giờ được sử dụng như tính từ).
Singular
Plural
Another book (is)
Other books (are)
Another (is)
Others (are)
Singular
Plural
The other book (is)
The other books (are)
The other (is)
The others (are)
The students in the class come from many countries. One of the students is from Mexico. Another student is from Iraq. Another is from Japan. Other students are from Brazil. Others are from Algeria.
Another: Đưa ra thêm chỉ 1 sự vật, sự việc bên cạnh sự vật, sự việc vừa mới được đề cập đến.
Other/others (không có “the”) Mô tả thêm một vài sự vật bên cạnh những sự vật đã được đề cập đến.
I have three books. Two are mine. The other book is yours.
I have three books. One is mine. The others are yours.
The other(s): tất cả những gì còn lại, phần còn lại
I will be here for another three years.
We drove another ten miles.
Another được sử dụng như một tính từ đi kèm với danh từ chỉ thời gian, tiền bạc, khoảng cách với nghĩa “phần thêm vào, phần bổ sung”
II. Cách sử dụng
Examples
Usage
We write to each other every week.
We write to another every week.
Each other và One another thể hiện mối quan hệ hai chiều. Chúng có thể thay thế cho nhau mà không có sự khác biệt về nghĩa. Tuy nhiên, người bản ngữ thường dùng each other khi họ nói về chỉ hai người hoặc hai sự vật, và one another khi nói về nhiều hơn hai người/ sự vật.
Please write on every other line.
I see her every other week.
Every other mang nghĩa “xen kẽ”.
Như ví dụ: điều đó có nghĩa là:
Write on the first line
Don’t write on the second line
Write on the third line
Don’t write on the fourth line.
Have you seen Ali recently?
Yes. I saw him just the other day.
The other được dùng với từ chỉ thời gian  như the other wee, the other morning, the other day để nói đến thời gian gần đó trong quá khứ. Chúng đồng nghĩa với a few days ago, not long ago.
The ducklings walked in a line behind the mother duck. Then the mother duck slipped into the pond. The ducklings followed her. They slipped into the water one after the other.
One after the other/ one after another: mô tả những hành động riêng lẻ diễn ra rất gần nhau. Mang nghĩa “lần lượt”.
No one knows my secret other than Rosa.
No one knows my secret except (for) Rosa.
Other than được sử dụng sau một cụm phủ định với nghĩa “ngoại trừ”.
Fruit and vegetables are full of vitamins and minerals. In other words, they are good for you.
In other words được sử dụng để giải thích. Thường liền sau là một mệnh đề với nghĩa rõ ràng hơn câu/ý liền trước nó
Usage of One
One có thể được đặt trước một danh từ riêng để nhấn mạnh hoặc có thể đóng vai trò như một tính từ chỉ lượng, hoặc có thể giữ vai trò của một đại từ.
1. Từ chỉ lượng
Tất nhiên là với nghĩa này, khá đơn giản để sử dụng one. Hầu như chẳng mấy ai gặp vấn đề với nghĩa này, one – 1. VD:
Those are lovely scarves. I think I'll buy one.
One is hardly enough.
One is purple, the other green.
The three brothers get along quite well. In fact they adore one another.
One of the senators will lead the group to the front of the capitol.
The yellow car is fast, but I think the blue one will win.
2. Đại từ
One có thể giữ vị trí như một đại từ phi cá nhân, không hướng đến chỉ một cá nhân cố định. One có thể là lời người nói/người viết hướng đến chính bản thân họ hoặc đến những người có điểm giống với người nói, người viết. Trong Anh Anh, one thường được dùng như danh từ riêng, trong khi Anh Mỹ, one thường chỉ đích danh ngôi nhân xưng số 2 – you.
The young comedian was awful, one felt embarrased for him.
If one fails, then one must try harder next time.
Tuy vậy, không nên trộn lẫn giữa 1 đại từ phi cá nhân/ danh từ chung như “one” với một đại từ khác, đặc biệt là khi trong cùng 1 câu. VD: "If one fails, then he/you must simply try harder."
Dạng sở hữu của one là ones.
Đại từ phản thân là oneself.
Dạng số nhiều là Ones.
I really like the chocolate ones.
Are these the ones you want?
Khi đi kèm với những danh từ chỉ định số nhiều như these, ta thường bỏ ones đi, VD:
Do you want these ones? => Do you want these?
Cụm từ one in  và more than one luôn được theo sau bởi động từ ở dang ngôi thứ ba số ít. VD:
One in four dentists recommends this toothpaste.
One out of every five instructors gets this question wrong.
There is more than one reason for this.
Bài 1:  
Complete the sentences with appropriate reflexivie pronoun.
1. Everyone drew self-portraits. I drew a picture of (myself).
2. Ali drew a picture of (himself).
3. Rose drew a picture of (herself).
4. The children drew pictures of (themselves).
5. We drew pictures of (ourselves).
6. Olga, you drew picture of (yourself), didn’t you?
7. All of you drew pictures of (yourselves), didn’t you?
8. When one draws a picture of (oneself), it is called a self-portrait.
Complete the sentences with appropriate reflexise pronoun.
1.Tommy told a lie. He was ashamed of _himself_.
2. Masako cut (herself) while she was chopping vegetables.
3. People surround (themselves) with friends and family during holidays.
4. Rita is careful about her weight, but she allows (herself) one piece of candy a day.
5. Alex, you need to eat better than get more exercise. You should take better care of (yourself). Your father takes care of and I take care of (myself). People who take care of (themselves) have better chance of staying healthy than those who don’t.
6. Omar thinks Oscar is telling the truth. So does Ricardo. I (myself) don’t believe Oscar’s story for a minute!
7.  A: Did Mr. Yun’s secretary answer the phone?
          B: No, Mr. Yun (himself) answered the phone. I was surprised.
8.  A: Should I marry Steve?
          B: No one can make that decision for you, Ann. Only you (yourself) can make such an important decision about your own life.
9. Now that their children grew, Mr. and Mrs. Grayson live by (themselves).
10. Nadia didn’t join the rest of us. She sat in the back of the room by (herself).
Choose the correct words in italics and fill them in blanks.
1. Penguin/Penguins _Penguins_ are interesting creature/creatures _creatures_. They are bird/birds _birds_ butit/they _they_ cannot fly.
2. Million/Millions (millions) of year/years (years) ago, they hadwing/wings (wings). This/These (these) wings changed as the birds adapted to its/their (their) environment.
3. Penguin’s/Penguins’ (penguins') principle food was/were (was)fish/fished (fish). Penguins needed to be able to swim to find their food. So eventually theirwing/wings (wings) evolved into flipper/flippers (flippers) that enabledit/them (them) to swim through water with speed and ease.
4. Penguins spends/spend (spend) most of their lives in water/waters (water). However, they lay their egg/eggs (eggs) on land/lands (land).
5. Emperor penguins have interesting egg-laying habit/habits (habits).
6. The female lays/lay (lays) one egg/eggs (egg) on the ice/ices (ice) in Arctic regions and then immediately returns/return (returns) to the ocean.
7. After the female lays the egg, the male takes/take (takes) over. He/they (he) covers/cover (covers) the egg with his/their (his) body until she/he/it/they (it) hatches/hatch (hatches).
8. This/these (this) process takes/take (takes) seven to eightweek/weeks (weeks). During this/these (this) the male doesn’t/don’t (doesn't) eat.
9. After the egg hatches/hatch (hatches), the female returns to take care of the chick and the male goes/go (goes) to the ocean to find food for himself/herself (himself), his mate and their offspring.
10.Although the penguin’s/penguins’ (penguins') natural habitat is in Polar Regions, we can see them in most major zoos in the world. They/ it (they) seem/seems (seem) to adapt very well to life in confinement, so we can enjoy watching their/its (their)antics without feeling sorry about their/its (their) loss of freedom.
Complete the sentences with a word or expressons from the list and an appropriate reflexise pronoun.
Teach         laugh at         angry at       promise         entertain         pat           kill         talk to          feel sorry for       introduce        enjoy        proud of 
Nhớ chia động từ nha :)
1.David Williams never took lessons. He _taught himself_ how to play the piano.
2. Did Roberto have a good time at the party? Did he (enjoy himself)?
3. All of you did a good job. You should be (proud of yourselves).
4. You did a good job, Barbara. You should (pat yourself) on the back
5. A man down the street committed suicide. We were all shock by the news that he had (killed himself).
6. The children played very well without adult supervision. They (entertain themselves) by playing school.
7. I had always wanted to meet Mr. Anderson. When I saw him at a party last night, I walked over and (introduced myself) to him.
8. Nothing good ever comes from self-pity. You should stop (feeling sorry for yourself), George, and start doing something to solve your problems.
9. People might think you’re a little crazy, but (talking to yourself) is one way to practice using English.
10. Humor can ease the trials and tribulation of life. Sometimes we have to be able to (laugh at ourselves).
11. Carol made several careless mistakes at work last week and her boss is getting impatient with her. Carol has (promised herself) to do better work in the future.
12. Yesterday Fred’s car ran out of gas. He had to walk a long way to a gas station. He is still (angry at himself) for forgetting to fill the tank.
Complete the sentences with a form of "other".
1. I got three letters. One was from my father. _Another_ one was from my sister. _the other_ letter was from my girlfriend.
2. Look at your hand. You have five fingers. One is your thumb. (another) is your index finger. (another) one is your middle finger. (another) finger is your ring finger. An (the other) finger (the last of five) is your little finger.
3. Look at your hand. One is your right hand. (the other) is your left hand.
4. I invited five people to my party. Of those five people, only John and Mary can come. (the others) can’t come.
5. I invited five people to my party. Of those five people, only John and Mary can come. (the other) people can’t come.
6. I would like some more books on this subject. Do you have any (other) books that you could lend me?
7. I would like some more books on this subject. Do you have any (others) that you could lend me?
8. There are many means of transportation. The airplane is one means of transportation. The train is (another).
9. There are many means of transportation. The airplane is one. (others) are the train, the automobile and the horse.
10. There are two women standing on the corner. One is Helen Jansen and (the other) is Pat Hendricks.
11. Alice reads The New York Times every day. She doesn’t read any (other) newspapers.
12. Some people prefer classical music, but (others) prefer rock music.
13. Individual differences in children must be recognized. Whereas one child might have a strong interest in mathematics and science, (another) child might tend toward more artistic endeavors.
15. I’ve almost finished. I just need (another) five minutes.
15. One of the most important inventions in the history of the world was the printing press. (another) was the electric light. (the others) were the telephone, television and the computer.
16. Some babies begin talking as early as six months; (others) don’t speak until they are more than two years old.
17. One common preposition is from. (another) common one is in. (others) are by, for and of. The most frequently used preposition in English are at, by, for, from, in, of, to and with. What are some (other) prepositions?
18. That country has two basic problems. One is inflation and (the other) is the instability of the government.
19. I have been in only three cities since I came to the United States. One is New York and (the others) are Washington D.C. and Chicago.
20. When his alarm went off this morning, he shut it off, rolled over and slept for (another)twenty minutes.
21. They have three children. One has graduated from college and has a job. (another) is at Yale University. (the other) is till living at home.
Fill in blanks by using forms of ‘other’
1. Two countries border on the United States. One is Canada._The other_ is Mexico.
2. One of the countries I would lie to visit is Sweden. (the other) is Mexico. Of course, besides these two countries, there are many places I would like to see.
3. Louis and I have been friends for a long time. We’ve known (each other) since we were children.
4.       A: I talked to Sam (the other) day.
          B: Oh? How is he? I haven’t seen him for ages.
5. In the Southwest there is a large area of land that has little or no rainfall, no trees and very few plants (other) than cactuses. In (other) words, this area of the country is a desert.
6. Thank you for inviting me to the picnic. I’d like to go with you, but I’ve already made (other) plans.
7. Some people are tall. (others) are short. Some people are fat. (others) are thin. Some people are nearsighted; (other) people are farsighted.
8. Mr. and Mrs. Jay love (each other). They support (each other). They like (each other). In (other) words, they are a happily married couple.
9.  A: How often do you travel to Portland?
          B: Every (other) month. I go there to visit my grandmother in a nursing home
10. Could I borrow your pen? I need to write a check but I have nothing to write with (other) than this pencil.