Chuyên đề ôn thi THPT Quốc gia môn Tiếng Anh - Bài 6: Prepositions - Giới từ

BÀI 6. PREPOSITIONS - GIỚI TỪ
I. Introductions: Learners of English usually find it hard to remember and confidently use prepositions as they have two main following problems to solve when dealing with prepositions:
- whether in any construction a preposition is required or not
- which preposition to use when one is required
Students often have trouble because a certain construction in their mother tongue requires a preposition, whereas a similar one in English does not.
In English, prepositions are words normally placed before nouns or pronouns or gerunds, and are used to form adverbial phrases of time, place, reason, result, concession, condition, etc.
Người học tiếng Anh thường gặp khó khan để ghi nhớ và sử dụng thành thạo các giới từ trong tiếng Anh vì họ thường xuyên phải phân vân;
ở trường hợp nào thì một giới từ được đòi hỏi,
trong một trường hợp cần giới từ thì ta phải dùng giới từ cụ thể nào.
Người học gặp rắc rối khi dùng giới từ cũng là bởi có sự khác biệt giữa ngôn ngữ bản xứ của họ với tiếng Anh trong các trường hợp sử dụng giới từ.
Trong tiếng Anh, giới từ là những từ đi trước các danh từ, đại từ, danh động từ, và dùng để cấu tạo các cụm trạng ngữ chỉ thời gian, nơi chốn, nguyên nhân,kết quả, sự nhượng bộ, điều kiện,
Trên thực tế, trong tiếng Anh, chức năng của các giới từ thay đổi phụ thuộc vào ngữ cảnh của lời nói, một giới từ sẽ có nhiều nghĩa khác nhau, chức năng khác nhau khi được đặt trong các cụm từ khác nhau. Trong cuốn tài liệu này giới từ chỉ được giới thiệu với mục đích ôn tập cho kì thi THPT Quốc Gia.
II. The use of some prepositions: Cách sử dụng của một số giới từ
1. Prepositions of time: Giới từ chỉ thời gian
	* at: dùng cho các thời điểm trong ngày, một kì nghỉ
	e.g.	at five	at eleven	at night
	at noon	at Christmas	at dawn
	* in/ during/ for: dùng cho khoảng thời gian
	e.g.	in the morning/ afternoon/ evening	in the past/ future
	during the 19th century	during the war
	for ten days	for a week
	* on: dùng cho các ngày, thứ
	e.g.	on Sunday	on Monday night	on Semtember 5th, 2015
	* by/ before/ after/ since/ until: dùng như sau
	e.g.	by this time tomorrow	by noon
	before 9.00	before the deadline
	after work	after midnight
	since dawn	since last Tuesday 
	until lunch-time	until 1980
2. Prepositions of place and movement: Giới từ chỉ nơi chốn và sự vận động
	* in: dùng cho các địa điểm 
	e.g.	The radio is in the living-room.	He lives in the center of the city.
	* on: dùng để chỉ ở trên bề mặt 
	e.g.	The toys are on the floor.	The map is on the wall.
	* at: dùng để chỉ ở gần hay hiện diện ở đâu đó 
	e.g.	She is at the station now.	Lan is at the hairdresser’s.
	* into: dùng cho sự hướng vào trong 
	e.g.	He went into the living-room.	He walked into the theatre.
	* onto: dùng cho sự hướng lên trên bề mặt
	e.g.	The cat jumped onto the table.
	* out of: dùng cho sự hướng ra ngoài	e.g.	The man jumped out of the car.
	* off: dùng chỉ sự hướng ra ngoài	e.g.	He knocked the glass off the table
	* above/ over: dùng chỉ sự hướng lên trên
	e.g.	The ceiling is above our heads.	The helicopter was flying over the buildings.
	* below/ under: dùng chỉ sự hướng xuống dưới
	e.g.	Do the tasks below the passage.	She hid her hat under the table.
	* through: qua, suốt, xuyên suốt 
	e.g.	Through the investigation, the police came to a conclusion.	
We kept in touch through time.
	* along: dọc theo 
	e.g.	The lovers walked along the river.	They went along the street to find my flat.
	* beside/ by/ next to/ near: gần 
	e.g.	He sat beside the dustbin.	They live next to the store.
	She sat by the window.	Ha lived near the church.
	* between: giữa 	e.g.	The T.V set was between the table and the bed.
	* opposite: đối diện 
	e.g.	Lan’s house is opposite the bank.	The bank is opposite the bookstore.
	* in front of: đằng trước của 
	e.g.	The theatre was in front of the bank.	The stadium is in front of the bookstore.
	* to/ towards: hướng về phía 
	e.g.	To the left of the house, there’s a well. To the right of the house, there’s a garage.
	We walked towards the end of the road.
3. Prepositions that go with verbs, nouns, and adjectives: Giới từ đi với động từ, danh từ, tính từ. Phần kiến thức này sẽ được trình bày kĩ ở bài Gerunds (danh động từ).
	* Verbs – prepositions: Giới từ đi với động từ
	e.g.	He looked at his nephew.	She talked to a stranger.
	He insisted on going out.
	* Nouns – prepositions: Giới từ đi với danh từ
	e.g.	He put a lot into his bank account.	She had a choice of studying abroad.
	He had difficulty in persuading his fiancé.
	* Adjectives – prepositions: Giới từ đi với tính từ
	e.g.	He was surprised at what I said to him.	She was afraid of talking with a stranger.
	He was keen on playing video games.
BÀI TẬP THỰC HÀNH
Exercise 1: In the following sentences, supply the suitable preposition to each of the gaps.
1. We give each other presents___________ Christmas.
2. Don’t sit___________ the floor.
3. I’m going away___________ the end of January.
4. I met Tom___________ the street yesterday.
5. They sent me a cheque___________ $ 50.
6. There has been some decrease___________ military spending this year.
7. Nobody knows what the cause___________ the explosion was.
8. Do you think we’ll find a solution___________ this problem?
9. Have you ever read any books___________ Mark Twain?
10. It’s unreasonable___________ you to expect her to love you at first sight.
11. They were furious___________ me___________ not inviting them to the party.
12. Were you disappointed___________ your examination results?
13. Everybody was shocked___________ the news.
14. She is scared___________ going out alone.
15. I’m not ashamed___________ what I did.
Exercise 2: In the following sentences, supply the suitable preposition to each of the gaps.
1. My sister won’t have dinner___________ 11.30 p.m.
2. She is engaged___________ an American.
3. Who was responsible___________ all the noise last night?
4. Your writing is similar___________ mine.
5. Ann wasn’t keen___________ going out in the rain.
6. The city centre was crowded___________ tourists.
7. I always try my best to get along___________ other officers.
8. Why don’t you apply___________ a position in that company?
9. He is very selfish. He doesn’t care___________ other people.
10. Don’t look out of the window. Concentrate___________ your work!
11. He lost control of the car and crashed___________ a wall.
12. He was the sort of person that you could depend___________.
13. Did you hear___________ the fight in the club on Saturday night?
14. She’s very old. She needs someone to look___________ her.
15. He often dreams___________ travelling to America.
Exercise 3: In the following sentences, supply the suitable preposition to each of the gaps.
1. I didn’t have enough money to pay___________ the meal.
2. He has suffered___________ lung cancer for ages.
3. He shouted___________ from the other side of the street.
4. The police are searching___________ the escaped prisoner.
5. That’s a good idea. Why didn’t I think___________ that?
6. How much did you have to pay___________ the meal?
7. Do you always go___________ school____________ foot?
8. My office is next___________ newsagent so I buy magazines almost every day.
9. Children don’t want to be__________ door, they want to stay in to watch T.V.
10. ___________ no doubt, whales are the biggest mammal on Earth.
11. The firefighters have been____________ strike for more than three days.
12. When I saw him, I was___________ a group of friends___________ the corner of the club.
13. I have got an appointment___________ the optician’s.
14. In the end, they fell____________ love and lived happily ever after.
15. During the show, a crazy fan jumped_____________ the stage and kissed the singer.	
Exercise 4: Choose the best answer among the A, B, C, or D provided to finish each of the incomplete sentences below.
1. Many people are not interested____________ reading books as much as seeing films.
A. in 	B. with 	C. for 	D. about
2. We spend more time watching TV than reading books. But____________ fact. TV has not kill reading. 
A. for 	B. upon 	C. at 	D. in
3. Books are a wonderful source ____________ knowledge and pleasure.
A. with 	B. of 	C. in 	D. about
4. Although he hadn't spoken French for many years, he picked it________ again after a few weeks.	
 A. over	 	B. on	C. through	 D. up 
5. ____________ the start of each period, both teams line up on their own goal line.
A. In 	B. For 	C. From 	D. At
6. Helen is very excited___________ going to work in Germany.
 A. about                   	B. for                   	C. with                       D. to
7. A water polo ball is constructed of waterproof material to allow it to float_______ the water.
A. upon 	B. over 	C. above 	D. on
8. There are six field player positions and a goalkeeper____________ each team.
A. on 	B. with 	C. from 	D. for
9. Pay more attention___________ picture and you can find out who is the robber.
 A. to 	B. for 	C. at 	D. on
10. She looked___________ me, smiling happily and confidently.
 A. on 	B. over 	C. forward to	D. at
11. We have to apply effective measures to save many plant and animal species________ extinction.
A. from 	B. in	C. for 	D. on
12. They said that the blue cheese was very tasty, but the smell put me___________.
 A. of 	B. in 	C. to 	D. off
13. Over-exploitation for food, pets, and medicine, pollution, and disease are recognized ___________ a serious threat____________ extinction.
A. as/ of 	B. to/ for 	C. over/ with 	D. upon/ at
14. _____________ entering the hall, he found everyone waiting for him. 
 A. With 	B. On 	C. At 	D. During
15. Clearing forests for timber has resulted_____________ the loss of biodiversity.
A. with 	B. at 	C. in 	D. for
16. Once you have started something, you ought to see it__________ to the end.
 A. to 	B. through 	C. for 	D. in
17. Which subject is this book ____________?
A. for 	B. on 	C. of 	D. up
18. We are______________ no obligation to change goods which were not purchased here.
A. to	B. with 	C. at 	D. under
19. Francis Bacon lived____________ about the same time as Shakespeare.
A. at 	B. for 	C. in 	D. over
20. Nothing_____________ the ordinary ever happens here. 
A. about	B. out of 	 C. from 	D. within
Exercise 5: Choose the best answer among the A, B, C, or D provided to finish each of the incomplete sentences below.
1. People enjoy a book____________ different ways.
A. on 	B. with 	C. upon 	D. in
2. ____________ the time you get to the theater, the play will have finished
 A. Until 	B. In 	C. By 	D. on
3. The meeting has been brought___________ to Monday due to the seriousness of the situation.
	A. on	B. out	C. down	D. forward
4. It is important____________ students to read as many books as possible.
A. up 	B. about 	C. to 	D. for
5. She is traveling to Germany tomorrow on her first working trip and she is very excited ____________ it. 
 A. for 	B. against 	C. about 	D. with 
6. Do you feel I was too friendly____________ the applicants.
 A. with 	B. at 	C. on 	D. across
7. Who does the book belong____________?
A. for 	B. to 	C. on 	D. through
8. I finished my homework a few days ahead_______________ the deadline.
 A. of	B. to	C. by	D. at
9. He picked____________ the book and turned page after page.
A. up	B. on 	C. away 	D. in
10. Some people never set____________ to become rich and famous.
A. up                         	B. out                  	C. off                     	D. across
11. ___________ defense, the players work to regain possession of the ball and prevent a goal.
A. About 	B. Over 	C. Without 	D. On
12. Players can move the ball by throwing it___________ a teammate or swimming while pushing the ball in front of them.
A. for 	B. into 	C. to 	D. from
13. It was really kind____________________ you to help those poor people.
 A. by	B. of	C. at	D. to
14. Shots usually succeed when the goalie is out_____________ position.
A. into 	B. for 	C. of 	D. off
15. That afternoon Joe Cole was the most popular player____________ the field.
 A. on 	B with 	C. among 	D. for
16. If you have ever watched television, you have seen plenty____________ drug ads.
A. with 	B. of 	C. for 	D. about
17. He turned ____ the offer of a new job and stayed with his present employer.
A. up                           	B. down            	C. out                    	D. off
18. The space shuttle crashed and went___________ in flames.
A. of 	B. for 	C. over 	D. off
19. Hoi An is famous_____________ its old streets.
 A. for 	B. of	C. to 	D. about
20. Elevators in tall building make the top floors accessible_____________ everybody.
A. to 	B. with 	C. about 	D. at
Exercise 6: Choose the best answer among the A, B, C, or D provided to finish each of the incomplete sentences below.
1. The Context____________ which you learn something can affect how well you remember it.
 A. of 	B. for 	C. to 	D. in
2. While I am waiting___________ my bus, I often listen___________ music.
A. on/ at 	B. for/ to 	C. toward/ about 	D. upon/ in
3. A very nice painting is hung____________ the wall in our classroom.
 A. on 	B. over 	C. at 	D. above
4. Those space-crafts are used_____________ taking photographs____________ space.
A. about/ through 	B. for/ in 	C. of/ at 	D. in/ off
5. I believe that judges should be independent _____________ the government.
A. to 	B. from	C. with	D. on
6. Will you take care ___________ my little dog when I am ___________ business?
A. through/ away 	B. about/ at 	C. for/ over 	D. of/ on
7. You can learn to move information from your short-term memory___________ your long-term memory.
 A. by 	B. with 	C. in 	D. to
8. According___________ Bill, there's something wrong___________ my computer.
A. after/ for 	B. on/ about 	C. to/ with 	D. upon/ at
9. - Jenny: “John got married again.” - Tommy: “Really? Who____________?”
	A. with 	B. at 	C. to	D. about
10. He depends___________ his sister___________ assistance.
A. to/ from 	B. from/ in 	C. on/ for 	D. at/ with
11. What kind of sport one chooses to play mostly depends_______ his preference and health.
A. with 	B. for	 	C. in 	D. on
12. Too many factories dispose____________ their waste by pumping it into rivers and the sea.
 A. out 	B. of 	C. away 	D. off 
13. Most referees often wears___________ black.
A. in 	B. for 	C. with 	D. on
14. In water polo game, only the goalie can hold the ball___________ two hands.
A. at 	B. in 	C. with 	D. from
15. Don't count your chickens______________ they are hatched." 
 A. after 	B. since 	C. while 	D. before
16. Probability of extinction depends______________ both the population size and fine details of the population demography.
A. on 	B. in 	C. from	 	D. for
17. Many modern medicines are derived____________ plants and animals.
A. on 	B. for 	C. from 	D. in
18. Traveling to Paris____________ air is quicker than driving.
 A. by 	B. on 	C. over 	D. through
19. 15,589 species (7,266 animal species and 8,323 plant species) are now considered ___________ risk_____________ extinction.
A. at / of 	B. on / in 	C. for / with 	D. in / at
20. Contamination and global warming have driven many species of animals and plants ___________ the threat of extinction.
A. for 	B. to 	C. with 	D. on
Exercise 7: Choose the best answer among the A, B, C, or D provided to finish each of the incomplete sentences below.
1. Drivers should slow___________ on this road because it is slippery after rains.
 	A. on 	B. down	C. up	D. to
2. Pollution has bad effect___________ our life.
	A. of 	B. to 	C. with	D. on
3. Before you light___________ a cigarette, remember to ask for permission.
	A. up 	B. down	C. on	D. off
4. It’s very kind___________ you to offer us a lovely dinner.
	A. of 	B. from	C. for	D. to
5. The woman was pale and weak because___________ the lack___________ fresh air.
	A. for/ on 	B. on/ for	C. of/ of	D. of/ for
7. I’m not good___________ English. I think I should spend more time___________ it.
	A. in/ at 	B. at/ on	C. at/ in	D. on/ at
8. An umbrella is what I need now, it’s raining. I’ll give it___________ tomorrow.
	A. up 	B. away	C. back	D. over
9. I couldn’t find any place to go___________ holiday.
	A. at 	B. for	C. up	D. on
10 I’m fed___________ doing the same work every day.
	A. out of 	B. forward to	C. on to	D. up with
11. Have you ever thought___________ giving up smoking?
	A. over 	B. of	C. on	D. at
12. If you don’t know the meaning of the word, you should look it___________ in the dictionary.
	A. out 	B. in	C. up	D. on
13. She has tried___________ several shoes but she can’t find suitable ones.
	A. at 	B. in	C. out	D. on
14. The party begin at 7 o’clock and I’ll pick you___________ at 6:30.
	A. on 	B. up	C. away	D. of
15. I come___________ an ancient city, sometimes referred_________ as the Athens of the North.
	A. on/ as 	B. up/ to	C. over/ to 	D. from/ to
16. The house is___________ fire. Please call___________ help!
	A. at/ to 	B. for/ at	C. on/ for	D. up/ for
17. An apple stand___________ the New York State. 
	A. for 	B. on	C. up	D. at
18. She keeps___________ complaining___________ the weather.
	A. in/ of 	B. on/ about	C. out/ about	D. on/ in
19. Some pessimistic persons think that the world’s resources will run___________ in some day.
	A. off 	B. of	C. out	D. on
20. Let’s get acquainted___________ the newcomer.
	A. to 	B. of	C. with	D. about
Exercise 8: Choose the best answer among the A, B, C, or D provided to finish each of the incomplete sentences below.
1. We don’t have time to think it___________.
	A. on 	B. up	C. out	D. over
2. I object___________ being kept waiting. Why can’t you be___________ time?
	A. at/ in 	B. for/ in	C. to/ on	D. at/ on
3. You aren’t aware___________ the time, are you ? You are always late___________ work.
	A. of/ for 	B. for/ of	C. on/ at 	D. on/ for
4. If someone knocks___________ the door___________ night, don’t open it.
	A. on/ at 	B. at/ at	C. up/ in	D. at/ on
5. Everything is available___________ the operation. 
	A. of 	B. on	C. from	D. for
6. He is very keen___________ English, but he is not good___________ listening.
	A. at/ on 	B. on/ at	C. at/ at	D. to/ of
7. Your hairstyle is quite similar___________ me.
	A. from 	B. with 	C. of	D. to
8. Nguyen Du devoted all his lifetime___________ writing.
	A. for 	B. to	C. in	D. from
9. I bought a coat___________ my mother___________ the supermarket.
	A. from/ for 	B. for/ at	C. for/ from	D. for/ in
10. She was very surprised___________ the grade she received.
	A. at 	B. on	C. of	D. about
11. We might need more food, depending___________ how many people turn up.
	A. for 	B. on	C. at	D. with
12. Jane doesn’t spend much money___________ clothes.
	A. over 	B. about	C. at 	D. on
13. A sign warned motorists___________ dangers.
	A. of 	B. for 	C. about	D. A and C
14. They translated the letter___________ French.
 	A. for 	B. with 	C. into	D. about
15. Since she graduated, Anne has no longer been dependent___________ her parents for financial support.
	A. to 	B. on	C. upon	D. B and C
16. Catherine became accustomed___________ spicy foods when she was traveling. 
	A. to 	B. on	C. for 	D. about
17. Table salt is composed___________ two elements, sodium and chlorine.
	A. to 	B. around	C. of 	D. for
18. Washington state is famous___________ its apples.
	A. in 	B. for 	C. of	D. with
19. People who are afraid___________ heights are called acrophobias.
	A. of 	B. on	C. in 	D. to
20. Water is essential___________ all life.
	A. on 	B. for 	C. in 	D. with