Bài thi THPT Quốc gia năm 2018 môn Tiếng Anh - Mã đề 401

 BỘ GIÁO DỤC VÀ ĐÀO TẠO KỲ THI TRUNG HỌC PHỔ THÔNG QUỐC GIA NĂM 2018
 ĐỀ THI CHÍNH THỨC Bải thi: NGOẠI NGỮ; Môn thi: TIẾNG ANH
 (Đề thi có 05 trang) Thời gian làm hài: 60 phút, không kể thời gian phát đề
 Họ, tên thí sinh:................................ 
 Số báo danh:...................................... Mã đề thi 401
Read the following passage and mark the letter A, B, C, or D on your answer sheet to indicate the correct answer to each of the questions from 1 to 7.
 A letter of application is a sales letter in which you are both salesperson and product, for the purpose of an application is to attract an employer's attention and persuade him or her to grant you an interview. To do this, the letter presents what you can offer the employer, rather than what you want from the job.
 Like a résumé, the letter of application is a sample of your work and an opportunity to demonstrate your skills and personality. If it is written with flair and understanding and prepared with professional care, it is likely to be very effective. While the résumé must be factual, objective, and brief, the letter is your chance to interpret and expand. It should state explicitly how your background relates to the specific job, and it should emphasise your strongest and most relevant characteristics. The letter should demonstrate that you know both yourself and the company.
 The letter of application must communicate your ambition and enthusiasm. Yet it must be modest. It should be neither aggressive nor compliant] neither pat yourself on the back nor ask for sympathy. It should never express dissatisfaction with the present or former job or employer. And you should avoid discussing your reasons for leaving your last job.
 Finally, it is best that you not broach the subject on salary. Indeed, even if a job advertisement requires that you mention your salary requirements, it is advisable simply to call them "negotiable." However, when you go on an interview, you should be prepared to mention a salary range. For this reason, you should investigate both your field and, if possible, the particular company. You don't want to ask for less than you deserve or more than is reasonable.
(Adapted from by Linda Lee and Erik Gundersen) "Select Readings - Intermediate"
Question 1: The word "broach" in paragraph 4 is closest in meaning to.......
A. introduce	B. investigate	C. understand	D. avoid
Question 2: According to paragraph 4, in a job interview, the applicant should be ready to.......
A. mention their expected salary range	B. accept any salary offered
C. talk about the company's budget	D. negotiate working conditions
Question 3: The word "it" in paragraph 2 refers to.......
A. the letter of application B. your work	C. an opportunity	D. the résumé
Question 4: According to paragraph 1, in a letter of application, the applicant tries to.......
A. persuade the employer to grant him/her an interview
B. present what he/she wants from the job
C. get further information about the company
D. advertise a product to attract more customers
Question 5: According to the passage, which of the following is TRUE about a letter of application?
A. It should expand upon the information contained in the applicant's résumé.
B. It should express the applicant's dissatisfaction with his/her former employer.
C. It should be written very briefly, but in a formal style.
D. It should refer to the applicant's reasons for leaving his/her previous job.
Question 6: What is the passage mainly about?
A. Differences between a résumé and a letter of application
B. Things to avoid during a job interview
C. Advice on how to find a good job
D. Tips for writing an effective letter of application
Question 7: The word "explicitly" in paragraph 2 is closest in meaning to.......
A. slightly	B. clearly	C. shortly	D. quickly
Mark the letter A, B, C, or D on your answer sheet to indicate the word(s) CLOSEST in meaning to the underlined word(s) in each of the following questions.
Question 8: Thanks to highly sophisticated technology, scientists have made many important discoveries in different fields.
A. confusing	B. accessible	C. effective	D. advanced
Question 9: It is firmly believed that books are a primary means for disseminating knowledge and information. 
A. adopting	B. inventing	C. classifying	D. distributing
Mark the letter A, B, C, or D on your answer sheet to indicate the word(s) OPPOSITE in meaning to the underlined word(s) in each of the following questions.
Question 10: Today the number of start-ups in Vietnam is mounting as the government has created favourable conditions for them to develop their business.
A. varying	B. rising	C. peaking	D. decreasing
Question 11: With price increases on most necessities, many people have to tighten their belt for fear of getting into financial difficulties.
A. save on daily expenses	B. put on tighter belts
C. dress in loose clothes	D. spend money freely
Mark the letter A, B, C, or D on your answer sheet to indicate the underlined part that needs correction in each of the following questions.
Question 12: It concerns many sociologists that inadequate parents skills may lead to an increase in the number of incidents of juvenile delinquency.
A. juvenile delinquency	B. parents skills	C. incidents	D. concerns
Question 13: It is the ASEAN Para Games that disabled athletes have an opportunity to have their talents and efforts recognised.
A. recognised	B. disabled	C. an opportunity	D. the ASEAN Para Games
Question 14: Teenagers is greatly influenced by not only their parents but also their peers.
A. is	B. by	C. peers	D. parents
Read the following passage and mark the letter A, B, C, or D on your answer sheet to indicate the correct answer to each of the questions from 15 to 22.
 Henry is the undisputed star of Dronfield School near Sheffield. Whatever the achievements of other members of the comprehensive school, it is Henry, with his soulful eyes and glossy hair, who has hogged the limelight, appearing on television in Britain and abroad. Yet despite all the public adulation, Henry stirs up no envy or resentment among the 2000 students - in fact, they all adore him. The dog, who first arrived six months ago, is a super dog, who has improved students' behaviour and encouraged more students to focus on their academic achievement.
 Andrew Wainwright, a student at Dronfield School, says there is something magical and calming about being able to interact with Henry during his time at the school's catch-up classes, and that if he falls behind, that opportunity will be denied. Even doubting staff have finally been won round. Perhaps that is because Henry, who lies on the floor during staff meetings, has also had a calming effect on them.
 It was Andrew's teacher, Wendy Brown and the school counsellor, Julie Smart, who first proposed buying a school dog. "Julie and I were talking one day about how looking after dogs can positively affect children's conduct," says Brown. "We did some research and discovered that the presence of pets has been shown to be therapeutic. A number of studies have shown that animals improve recovery after surgery or illness and have a calming influence on people in a lot of settings. Some of my kids can be a handful and some of the children Julie counsels have terrible problems."
 Could the school dog become a craze? Other schools such as the Mulberry Bush, a primary school for children with behavioural problems, have stepped forward to point out they already have one. Rosie Johnston, a Mulberry staff member has been bringing her golden retriever, Muskoka, into school for three years. Apart from being a calming influence, Muskoka even plays his part in literacy lessons. Children at the school can be too shy to read to adults so they read to Muskoka. "Their anxiety about mispronouncing something or getting the words in the wrong order is reduced when they read to him," says Johnston.
 Psychologist Dr Deborah Wells from Queen's University Belfast specialises in animal-human interaction. She believes that the underlying key to the Henry effect is that dogs offer unconditional love and that cheers up adults and children and helps with self-esteem. But traditionalist Chris Woodhead, the former chief inspector of schools says, "I don't see why a teacher cannot create a positive learning environment through the subject they teach and their personality. Dogs strike me as a bit of a publicity stunt. It's the kind of sentimental story journalists love." Despite this sentiment, Henry remains as popular as ever.
(Adapted from by Roy Norris and Amanda French with Miles Hordern) "Ready for Advanced"
Question 15: The phrase "a handful" in paragraph 3 is probably descriptive of a child who is.......
A. impossible to understand	B. reluctant to explore
C. difficult to control	D. inclined to disagree
Question 16: Which of the following is implied in the passage?
A. Interaction with Henry is used to boost students' learning motivation at Dronfield School.
B. Wendy Brown and Julie Smart are dedicated animal rights activists who wish to get their message across to young people. 
C. Rosie Johnston is more experienced than Wendy Brown in working with animals.
D. Administrators at Dronfield School are sceptical as to whether Henry's companion will benefit their students.
Question 17: Which of the following is mentioned in paragraph 3 as a potential impact of keeping a pet?
A. Long-term changes in conduct	B. A stronger tendency to misbehave
C. A greater desire to influence others	D. Better recovery from illness
Question 18: The word "one" in paragraph 4 refers to........
A. a primary school	B. a craze	C. a school dog	D. a Mulberry staff member
Question 19: Which of the following best serves as the title for the passage?
A. School Dogs: Useful Classroom Assistants	B. Having School Dogs: Pros and Cons
C. Henry - a Super Dog in Dronfield School	D. Keeping School Dogs - a Prevalent Trend
Question 20: Which of the following best summarises Chris Woodhead's viewpoint in paragraph 5?
A. Dogs are capable of enlivening classroom atmosphere.
B. Teachers underestimate the role of dogs in literacy lessons.
C. Schools have dogs just to attract media attention.
D. Students and dogs are inseparable companions in the classroom setting.
Question 21: The word "adulation" in paragraph 1 is closest in meaning to.......
A. deserved attention	B. excessive admiration
C. unrealistic expectation	D. considerable controversy
Question 22: According to paragraph 4, which of the following is one of the roles played by Muskoka at the Mulberry Bush?
A. Helping its students to reduce their fear of making mistakes
B. Minimising the number of words mispronounced by its students
C. Encouraging a more proactive approach to teaching literacy
D. Relieving its teaching staff of unnecessary workload
Mark the letter A, B, C, or D on your answer sheet to indicate the correct answer to each of the following questions.
Question 23: If Martin were here now, he......us to solve this difficult problem.
A. has helped	B. would help	C. helps	D. will help
Question 24: Our father suggested......to Danang for this summer holiday.
A. going	B. to go	C. go	D. to going
Question 25: Mary rarely uses social networks,......?
A. isn't she	B. is she	C. doesn't she	D. does she
Question 26: There is no excuse for your late submission! You......the report by last Friday.
A. must have finished	B. needn't have finished
C. should have finished	D. mightn't have finished
Question 27: The patients......with the new drug showed better signs of recovery than those receiving conventional medicine.
A. treated	B. treating	C. having treated	D. who treated
Question 28: Only after she......from a severe illness did she realise the importance of good health.
A. would recover	B. was recovering	C. had recovered	D. has recovered
Question 29: The presenter started his speech with a few......jokes to build rapport with the audience.
A. light-hearted	B. kind-hearted	C. soft-hearted	D. whole-hearted
Question 30: It is advisable that the apprentice should be......to learn the ins and outs of the new job.
A. noticeable	B. permissive	C. observant	D. acceptable
Question 31: It......to reason that Jason passed the exam with flying colours on account of his working hard during the term.
A. stands	B. comes	C. lays	D. gets
Question 32: Candidates are advised to dress formally to make a good......on job interviewers.
A. impress	B. impressively	C. impression	D. impressive
Question 33: Several measures have been proposed to......the problem of unemployment among university graduates.
A. address	B. create	C. pose	D. admit
Question 34: You shouldn't lose heart; success often comes to those who are not......by failures.
A. switched off	B. put off	C. turned on	D. left out
Mark the letter A, B, C, or D on your answer sheet to indicate the word that differs from the other three in the position of primary stress in each of the following questions.
 Question 35:A. intend	B. decide	C. install	D. follow
 Question 36:A. poverty	B. equipment	C. character	D. sympathy
Mark the letter A, B, C, or D on your answer sheet to indicate the sentence that is closest in meaning to each of the following questions.
Question 37: "Would you like to go to the show with me?" Anna said to Bella.
A. Anna reminded Bella to go to the show with her
B. Anna persuaded Bella to go to the show with her.
C. Anna encouraged Bella to go to the show with her.
D. Anna invited Bella to go to the show with her.
Question 38: I find it useful to join the sports club.
A. I used to join the sports club.	B. Joining the sports club is not useful for me.
C. I never like joining the sports club.	D. It is useful for me to join the sports club.
Question 39: It is believed that modern farming methods have greatly improved farmers' lives.
A. People believe that there is little improvement in farmers' lives thanks to modern farming methods.
B. Farmers are believed to have enjoyed a much better life thanks to modern farming methods.
C. Modern farming methods are believed to have had negative effects on farmers' lives.
D. Modern farming methods were believed to have greatly improved farmers' lives.
Mark the letter A, B, C, or D on your answer sheet to indicate the sentence that best combines each pair of sentences in the following questions.
Question 40: Kate completed her higher education. She then decided to travel the world before getting a job.
A. Given that Kate decided to travel the world before getting a job, she completed her higher education.
B. Without completing her higher education, Kate decided to travel the world before getting a job.
C. Having completed her higher education, Kate decided to travel the world before getting a job.
D. Kate had scarcely travelled the world before getting a job when she completed her higher education.
Question 41: Mary left home to start an independent life. She realised how much her family meant to her.
A. Mary left home to start an independent life with a view to realising how much her family meant to her.
B. Not until Mary had left home to start an independent life did she realise how much her family meant to her.
C. To realise how much her family meant to her, Mary decided to leave home to start an independent life.
D. Only when Mary realised how much her family meant to her did she leave home to start an independent life.
Read the following passage and mark the letter A, B, C, or D on your answer sheet to indicate the correct word or phrase that best fits each of the numbered blanks from 42 to 46.
 Urban development is having a direct impact on the weather in many cities worldwide. It has been noticed that the difference (42)......temperature is usually greater at night and the phenomenon occurs in both winter and summer. Experts agree that this is due to urban development, when open green spaces are replaced with asphalt roads and tall brick or concrete buildings. These materials retain heat generated by the Sun and release it through the night. In Atlanta, in the US, this has even led to thunderstorms (43)......occur in the morning rather than, as is more common, in the afternoon.
 Large cities around the world are adopting strategies to combat this issue (44)......it is not uncommon to find plants growing on top of roofs or down the walls of large buildings. In Singapore, the government has (45)......to transform it into a "city within a garden" and, in 2006, they held an international competition calling for entries to develop a master plan to help bring this about. One outcome was the creation of 18 "Supertrees" - metal constructions resembling very tall trees. Each one is a vertical freestanding garden and is (46)......to exotic plants and ferns. They also contain solar panels used to light the trees at night and also containers to collect rainwater, making them truly self-sufficient.
(Adapted from by Pauline Cullen, Amanda French and Vanessa Jakeman) "The Official Cambridge Guide to IELTS"
 Question 42:A. with	B. out	C. in	D. on
 Question 43:A. home	B. place	C. house	D. land
 Question 44:A. or	B. and	C. for	D. but
 Question 45:A. confessed	B. pledged	C. committed	D. required
 Question 46:A. where	B. which	C. when	D. what
Mark the letter A, B, C, or D on your answer sheet to indicate the sentence that best completes each of the following exchanges.
 Question 47: Silas is talking to his roommate, Salah, about the Olympic Games.
 ~ Silas: "Do you think our country can host the Olympic Games some day in the future?"
~ Salah: "..............We can't afford such a big event."
A. I can't agree with you more	B. Yes, you're right
C. You can say that again	D. No, I don't think so
 Question 48: Laura is telling Bob about her exam results.
~ Laura: "............." ~ Bob: "That's great. Congratulations!"
A. I'll get the exam results tomorrow.	B. I didn't do well in the exam.
C. I've passed the exam with an A.	D. I hope I'll pass the exam tomorrow.
Mark the letter A, B, C, or D on your answer sheet to indicate the word whose underlined part differs from the other three in pronunciation in each of the following questions.
 Question 49:A. begins	B. believes	C. delays	D. attracts
 Question 50:A. meat	B. head	C. meal	D. bean
The End
 BỘ GIÁO DỤC VÀ ĐÀO TẠO KỲ THI TRUNG HỌC PHỔ THÔNG QUỐC GIA NĂM 2018
 ĐỀ THI CHÍNH THỨC Bải thi: NGOẠI NGỮ; Môn thi: TIẾNG ANH
 (Đề thi có 05 trang) Thời gian làm hài: 60 phút, không kể thời gian phát đề
 Họ, tên thí sinh:................................ 
 Số báo danh:...................................... Mã đề thi 401b
Mark the letter A, B, C, or D on your answer sheet to indicate the word that differs from the other three in the position of primary stress in each of the following questions.
 Question 1:A. decide	B. intend	C. follow	D. install
 Question 2:A. equipment	B. sympathy	C. character	D. poverty
Read the following passage and mark the letter A, B, C, or D on your answer sheet to indicate the correct word or phrase that best fits each of the numbered blanks from 3 to 7.
 Urban development is having a direct impact on the weather in many cities worldwide. It has been noticed that the difference (3)......temperature is usually greater at night and the phenomenon occurs in both winter and summer. Experts agree that this is due to urban development, when open green spaces are replaced with asphalt roads and tall brick or concrete buildings. These materials retain heat generated by the Sun and release it through the night. In Atlanta, in the US, this has even led to thunderstorms (4)......occur in the morning rather than, as is more common, in the afternoon.
 Large cities around the world are adopting strategies to combat this issue (5)......it is not uncommon to find plants growing on top of roofs or down the walls of large buildings. In Singapore, the government has (6)......to transform it into a "city within a garden" and, in 2006, they held an international competition calling for entries to develop a master plan to help bring this about. One outcome was the creation of 18 "Supertrees" - metal constructions resembling very tall trees. Each one is a vertical freestanding garden and is (7)......to exotic plants and ferns. They also contain solar panels used to light the trees at night and also containers to collect rainwater, making them truly self-sufficient.
(Adapted from by Pauline Cullen, Amanda French and Vanessa Jakeman) "The Official Cambridge Guide to IELTS"
 Question 3:A. pledged	B. committed	C. required	D. confessed
 Question 4:A. what	B. which	C. when	D. where
 Question 5:A. on	B. out	C. with	D. in
 Question 6:A. home	B. land	C. place	D. house
 Question 7:A. and	B. for	C. but	D. or
Mark the letter A, B, C, or D on your answer sheet to indicate the word(s) CLOSEST in meaning to the underlined word(s) in each of the following questions.
Question 8: Thanks to highly sophisticated technology, scientists have made many important discoveries in different fields.
A. confusing	B. advanced	C. effective	D. accessible
Question 9: It is firmly believed that books are a primary means for disseminating knowledge and information. 
A. adopting	B. inventing	C. distributing	D. classifying
Mark the letter A, B, C, or D on your answer sheet to indicate the underlined part that needs correction in each of the following questions.
Question 10: It concerns many sociologists that inadequate parents skills may lead to an increase in the number of incidents of juvenile delinquency.
A. concerns	B. parents skills	C. juvenile delinquency	D. incidents
Question 11: It is the ASEAN Para Games that disabled athletes have an opportunity to have their talents and efforts recognised.
A. an opportunity	B. the ASEAN Para Games	C. disabled	D. recognised
Question 12: Teenagers is greatly influenced by not only their parents but also their peers.
A. parents	B. is	C. by	D. peers
Mark the letter A, B, C, or D on your answer sheet to indicate the word(s) OPPOSITE in meaning to the underlined word(s) in each of the following questions.
Question 13: With price increases on most necessities, many people have to tighten their belt for fear of getting into financial difficulties.
A. save on daily expenses	B. dress in loose clothes
C. spend money freely	D. put on tighter belts
Question 14: Today the number of start-ups in Vietnam is mounting as the government has created favourable conditions for them to develop their business.
A. rising	B. peaking	C. varying	D. decreasing
Mark the letter A, B, C, or D on your answer sheet to indicate the correct answer to each of the following questions.
Question 15: Several measures have been proposed to......the problem of unemployment among university graduates.
A. admit	B. pose	C. address	D. create
Question 16: Our father suggested......to Danang for this summer holiday.
A. to going	B. go	C. going	D. to go
Question 17: The patients......with the new drug showed better signs of recovery than those receiving conventional medicine.
A. treated	B. having treated	C. treating	D. who treated
Question 18: Candidates are advised to dress formally to make a good......on job interviewers.
A. impression	B. impressively	C. impressive	D. impress
Question 19: There is no excuse for your late submission! You......the report by last Friday.
A. needn't have finished	B. must have finished
C. should have finished	D. mightn't have finished
Question 20: It is advisable that the apprentice should be......to learn the ins and outs of the new job.
A. noticeable	B. observant	C. permissive	D. acceptable
Question 21: Mary rarely uses social networks,......?
A. is she	B. doesn't she	C. does she	D. isn't she
Question 22: You shouldn't lose heart; success often comes to those who are not......by failures.
A. left out	B. turned on	C. put off	D. switched off
Question 23: The presenter started his speech with a few......jokes to build rapport with the audience.
A. kind-hearted	B. light-hearted	C. soft-hearted	D. whole-hearted
Question 24: If Martin were here now, he......us to solve this difficult problem.
A. would help	B. helps	C. has helped	D. will help
Question 25: Only after she......from a severe illness did she realise the importance of good health.
A. was recovering	B. had recovered	C. has recovered	D. would recover
Question 26: It......to reason that Jason passed the exam with flying colours on account of his working hard during the term.
A. comes	B. gets	C. stands	D. lays
Mark the letter A, B, C, or D on your answer sheet to indicate the sentence that best completes each of the following exchanges.
 Question 27: Silas is talking to his roommate, Salah, about the Olympic Games.
 ~ Silas: "Do you think our country can host the Olympic Games some day in the future?"
~ Salah: "..............We can't afford such a big event."
A. I can't agree with you more	B. You can say that again
C. Yes, you're right	D. No, I don't think so
 Question 28: Laura is telling Bob about her exam results.
~ Laura: "............." ~ Bob: "That's great. Congratulations!"
A. I didn't do well in the exam.	B. I've passed the exam with an A.
C. I hope I'll pass the exam tomorrow.	D. I'll get the exam results tomorrow.
Mark the letter A, B, C, or D on your answer sheet to indicate the sentence that is closest in meaning to each of the following questions.
Question 29: It is believed that modern farming methods have greatly improved farmers' lives.
A. Modern farming methods are believed to have had negative effects on farmers' lives.
B. People believe that there is little improvement in farmers' lives thanks to modern farming methods.
C. Farmers are believed to have enjoyed a much better life thanks to modern farming methods.
D. Modern farming methods were believed to have greatly improved farmers' lives.
Question 30: I find it useful to join the sports club.
A. Joining the sports club is not useful for me.	B. It is useful for me to join the sports club.
C. I never like joining the sports club.	D. I used to join the sports club.
Question 31: "Would you like to go to the show with me?" Anna said to Bella.
A. Anna invited Bella to go to the show with her.
B. Anna persuaded Bella to go to the show with her.
C. Anna reminded Bella to go to the show with her
D. Anna encouraged Bella to go to the show with her.
Mark the letter A, B, C, or D on your answer sheet to indicate the sentence that best combines each pair of sentences in the following questions.
Question 32: Kate completed her higher education. She then decided to travel the world before getting a job.
A. Kate had scarcely travelled the world before getting a job when she completed her higher education.
B. Given that Kate decided to travel the world before getting a job, she completed her higher education.
C. Without completing her higher education, Kate decided to travel the world before getting a job.
D. Having completed her higher education, Kate decided to travel the world before getting a job.
Question 33: Mary left home to start an independent life. She realised how much her family meant to her.
A. Not until Mary had left home to start an independent life did she realise how much her family meant to her.
B. Only when Mary realised how much her family meant to her did she leave home to start an independent life.
C. Mary left home to start an independent life with a view to realising how much her family meant to her.
D. To realise how much her family meant to her, Mary decided to leave home to start an independent life.
Mark the letter A, B, C, or D on your answer sheet to indicate the word whose underlined part differs from the other three in pronunciation in each of the following questions.
 Question 34:A. delays	B. begins	C. believes	D. attracts
 Question 35:A. meat	B. bean	C. meal	D. head
Read the following passage and mark the letter A, B, C, or D on your answer sheet to indicate the correct answer to each of the questions from 36 to 42.
 A letter of application is a sales letter in which you are both salesperson and product, for the purpose of an application is to attract an employer's attention and persuade him or her to grant you an interview. To do this, the letter presents what you can offer the employer, rather than what you want from the job.
 Like a résumé, the letter of application is a sample of your work and an opportunity to demonstrate your skills and personality. If it is written with flair and understanding and prepared with professional care, it is likely to be very effective. While the résumé must be factual, objective, and brief, the letter is your chance to interpret and expand. It should state explicitly how your background relates to the specific job, and it should emphasise your strongest and most relevant characteristics. The letter should demonstrate that you know both yourself and the company.
 The letter of application must communicate your ambition and enthusiasm. Yet it must be modest. It should be neither aggressive nor compliant] neither pat yourself on the back nor ask for sympathy. It should never express dissatisfaction with the present or former job or employer. And you should avoid discussing your reasons for leaving your last job.
 Finally, it is best that you not broach the subject on salary. Indeed, even if a job advertisement requires that you mention your salary requirements, it is advisable simply to call them "negotiable." However, when you go on an interview, you should be prepared to mention a salary range. For this reason, you should investigate both your field and, if possible, the particular company. You don't want to ask for less than you deserve or more than is reasonable.
(Adapted from by Linda Lee and Erik Gundersen) "Select Readings - Intermediate"
Question 36: The word "broach" in paragraph 4 is closest in meaning to.......
A