Bài thi học kỳ II môn Tiếng Anh 12 - Năm học 2017-2018 - Mã đề 001

SỞ GIÁO DỤC ĐÀO TẠO BÀI THI HỌC KỲ II - NĂM HỌC 2017- 2018
 ĐỀ CHÍNH THỨC MÔN TIẾNG ANH ~ MÃ ĐỀ 001
 (Đề gồm có 04 trang) Thời gian: 60 phút - không kể thời gian phát đề
Mark the letter A, B, C, or D on your answer sheet to indicate the word whose underlined part differs from the other three in pronunciation in each of the following questions.
 Question 1:A. choice	B. champagne	C. change	D. channel
 Question 2:A. envelops	B. days	C. cities	D. areas
Mark the letter A, B, C, or D on your answer sheet to indicate the word or phrase that is CLOSEST in meaning to the underlined part in each of the following questions.
Question 3: The way the care-taker treated those little children was deplorable. She must be punished for what she did.
A. respectable	B. unacceptable	C. mischievous	D. satisfactory
Question 4: My parents’ warnings didn’t deter me from choosing the job of my dreams.
A. influence	B. inspire	C. discourage	D. reassure
Mark the letter A, B, C, or D on your answer sheet to indicate the most suitable response to complete each of the following exchanges.
 Question 5: Two students Peter and Anny are talking about women’s role.
 ~ Peter: " In my opinion, women would not go to work." ~ Anny: "............."
A. What nonsense!	B. Yes, I don’t agree	C. Yes, I do	D. Yes, it was ever
Question 6: ~ Cindy: "Your hairstyle is terrific, Mary!" ~ Mary: ".............."
A. Thanks, but I’m afraid	B. Yes, all right.
C. Never mention it	D. Thanks, Cindy. I had it done yesterday.
Mark the letter A, B, C or D on your answer sheet to indicate the word that differs from the other
three in the position of the primary stress in each of the following questions from.
 Question 7:A. emotion	B. modernize	C. impressive	D. identity
 Question 8:A. industrial	B. ornamental	C. courageous	D. computer
Mark the letter A, B,C or D on your answer sheet to indicate the underlined part that needs correction in each of the following questions.
Question 9: What happened in that city were a reaction from city workers, including firemen and policemen who had been laid off from their jobs.
A. were	B. What happened	C. their	D. including
Question 10: When precipitation occurs, some of it evaporates, some runs off the surface it strikes, and some sinking into the ground.
A. some	B. the	C. sinking	D. When
Question 11: Opened the letter from her boyfriend, she felt extremely excited.
A. excited.	B. felt	C. Opened	D. from
Mark the letter A, B, C or D on your answer sheet to indicate the sentence that best combines each pair of sentences in the following questions from.
Question 12: Jack was overconfident. Therefore, he ruined our plan completely.
A. That was Jack’s overconfidence ruined our plan completely.
B. It was Jack’s overconfidence ruined our plan completely.
C. It was because Jack’s overconfidence that ruined our plan completely.
D. Jack was overconfident, which ruined our plan completely.
Question 13: Her living conditions were difficult. However, she studied very well.
A. Although she lived in difficult conditions, but she studied very well.
B. She studied very well in spite of her difficult living conditions.
C. Difficult as her living conditions, she studied very well.
D. She studied very well thanks to the fact that she lived in difficult conditions.
Read the following passage and mark the letter A, B, C or D on your answer sheet to indicate the correct answer to each of the questions from.
 Duncan Phyfe made some of the most beautiful furniture found in America. His family name was originally Fife, and he was born in Scotland in 1768. In 1784, the Fife family immigrated to Albany, New York where Duncan’s father opened a cabinetmaking shop. Duncan followed his father’s footsteps and was apprenticed to a cabinetmaker. After completing his training, Duncan moved to New York City.
 Duncan Fife was first mentioned in the 1792 NYC Directory as a furniture "joiner" in business at 2 Broad Street. Two years later, he moved, expanded his business, and changed his name to Phyfe. He was aquiet-living, God-fearing young man who felt his new name would probably appeal to potential customers who were definitely anti-British in this post-Revolutionary War period. Duncan Phyfe’s name distinguished him from his contemporaries. Although the new spelling helped him better compete with French emigrant craftsmen, his new name had more to do with hanging it on a sign over his door stoop.
 The artisans and merchants who came to America discovered a unique kind of freedom. They were no longer restricted by class and guild traditions of Europe. For the first time in history, a man learned that by working hard, he could build his business based on his own name and reputation and quality of work.
 Phyfe’s workshop apparently took off immediately. At the peak of his success, Phyfe employed 100 craftsmen. Some economic historians point to Phyfe as having employed division of labour and an assembly line. What his workshop produced shows Phyfe’s absolute dedication to quality in workmanship. Each piece of furniture was made of the best available materials. He was reported to have paid $1,000 for a single Santo Domingo mahogany log.
 Phyfe did not create new designs. Rather, he borrowed from a broad range of the period’s classical styles, Empire, Sheraton, Regency, and French Classical among them. Nevertheless, Phyfe’s high quality craftsmanship established him as America’s patriotic interpreter of European design in the late eighteenth and early nineteenth centuries.
 Although the number of pieces produced by Duncan Phyfe’s workshop is enormous, comparatively few marked or labeled pieces have been found extant. In antiques shops and auctions, collectors have paid $11,000 for a card table, $24,200 for a tea table, and $93,500 for a sewing table.
Question 14: Which choice is closest in meaning to the word "guild" in paragraph 4?
A. Political party of emigrants	B. Organization of craftsmen
C. Verdict of a jury	D. Immigrants’ club
Question 15: The author implies that.......
A. furniture from Duncan Phyfe’s workshop costs a lot of money today.
B. furniture from Duncan Phyfe’s workshop was ignored by New Yorkers.
C. furniture from Duncan Phyfe’s workshop no longer exists.
D. furniture from Duncan Phyfe’s workshop was made by his father.
Question 16: What is the main idea of the passage?
A. Duncan Phyfe’s cabinetmaking designs.	B. Duncan Phyfe’s life and career.
C. The business of cabinetmaking.	D. The significance of Duncan Phyfe’s name.
Question 17: Based on the information in the passage, what can be inferred about Duncan Phyfe’s death?
A. He died in Albany.	B. He died in Scotland.
C. He died in the eighteenth century.	D. He died in the nineteenth century.
Question 18: According to the passage, which of the following does the author imply?
A. Duncan Fife and his father had the same first name.
B. Duncan Phyfe made over 100 different kinds of tables.
C. Duncan Fife and his father were in the same business.
D. Duncan Fife worked for his father in Scotland.
Question 19: Which choice does the word "it" in paragraph 3 refer to?
A. His spelling	B. His French	C. His chair	D. His name
Question 20: In his business, Duncan Phyfe used all of the following EXCEPT.......
A. the least expensive materials	B. an assembly line
C. continental designs	D. division of labour
Mark the letter A, B, C or D on your answer sheet to indicate the sentence that is closest in meaning
to each of the following questions.
Question 21: When I picked up my book I found that the cover had been torn.
A. Picking up my book, the cover had been torn.
B. Picked up, I saw that the cover of the book was torn.
C. On picking up the book, I saw that the cover had been torn.
D. The cover had been torn when my book picked up.
Question 22: "I’ll speak calmly. I really will!" he said.
A. He reminded me to speak calmly.	B. He offered to speak calmly.
C. He refused to speak calmly.	D. He promised to speak calmly.
Question 23: We had no sooner got to know our neighbours than they moved away.
A. If our new neighbours had stayed longer, we would have got to know them better.
B. Soon after we got to know our new neighbours, we stopped having contact with them.
C. Hardly had we become acquainted with our new neighbours when they went somewhere else to live.
D. Once we had got used to our new neighbours, they moved somewhere else.
Mark the letter A, B, C or D on your answer sheet to indicate the word or phrase that is OPPOSITE in meaning to the underlined part in each of the following questions.
Question 24: A chronic lack of sleep may make us irritable and reduces our motivation to work.
A. calm	B. miserable	C. responsive	D. uncomfortable
Question 25: For most male spiders courtship is a perilous procedure, for they may be eaten by females.
A. safe	B. complicated	C. peculiar	D. dangerous
Read the following passage and mark the letter A, B, C, or D on your answer sheet to indicate the correct answer to each of the following questions.
 The work of women has been economically vital since prehistory, although their contributions have varied according to the structure, needs, customs, and attitudes of society.
 In prehistoric times, women and men participated almost equally in hunting and gathering activities to obtain food. With the development of agricultural communities, women’s work revolved more around the home. As urban centres developed, women sold or traded goods in the marketplace.
 From ancient to modern times, four generalizations can be made about women's paid work. Women have worked because of economic necessity; poor women in particular worked outside the home whether they were unmarried or married, and especially if their husbands were unable to sustain the family solely through their own work. Women’s indentured work has often been similar to their work at home. Women have maintained the primary responsibility for raising children, regardless of their paid work. Women have historically been paid less than men and have been allocated lower-status work
 Some major changes are now occurring in industrial nations, including the steadily increasing proportion of women in the labor force; decreasing family responsibilities (due to both smaller family size and technological innovation in the home); higher levels of education for women; and more middle and upper-income women working for pay or for job satisfaction. Statistically, they have not yet achieved parity of pay or senior appointments in the workplace in any nation.
 Artisans working in their own homes not infrequently used the labor of their families. This custom was so prevalent during the Middle Ages, craft guilds of the period, including some that otherwise excluded women, often admitted to membership the widows of guild members, providing they met professional requirements. Dressmaking and lacemaking guilds were composed exclusively of women.
 Gradually, the guilds were replaced by the putting-out system, whereby tools and materials were distributed to workers by merchants; the workers then produced articles on a piecework basis in their homes. During the 18th and early 19th centuries, as the Industrial Revolution developed, the putting-out system slowly declined. Goods that had been produced by hand in the home were manufactured by machine under the factory system. Women competed more with men for some jobs, but were concentrated primarily in textile mills and clothing factories. Manufacturers often favored women employees because of relevant skills and lower wages, and also because early trade union organization tended to occur first among men.
 Employees in sweatshops were also preponderantly women. The result was to institutionalize systems of low pay, poor working conditions, long hours, and other abuses, which along with child labor presented some of the worst examples of worker exploitation in early industrial capitalism. Minimum wage legislation and other protective laws, when introduced, concentrated particularly on the alleviation of these abuses of working women.
 Women workers in business and the professions, the so-called white-collar occupations, suffered less from poor conditions of work and exploitative labor, but were denied equality of pay and opportunity. The growing use of the typewriter and the telephone after the 1870s created two new employment niches for women, as typists and telephonists, but in both fields the result was again to institutionalize a permanent category of low-paid, low-status women’s work.
Question 26: When the farming communities developed, women worked......
A. less at home	B. more at home	C. in groups	D. more outside
Question 27: The word "sweatshops" suggests.......
A. hard work	B. harmful work	C. factory work	D. workshop
Question 28: With better education and less family burden, women........
A. have become more influential in their companies
B. have not yet achieved high status in the workplace
C. have enjoyed equal status in the workplace
D. have been respected at home and in the workplace
Question 29: The word "indentured" in this context may mostly means.......
A. in the kitchen	B. inside the home	C. outside the kitchen	D. outside the home
Question 30: Under the "putting-out system", the workers........
A. provide their factories with raw materials	B. bought materials to manufacture goods
C. turn their homes into factories	D. are provided with tools to produce goods at home
Question 31: Manufacturers tended to employ women because........
A. they did not have to pay for high insurance	B. they could cheat them more easily
C. they did not have to pay high wages	D. women demanded less than men
Question 32: Although women cannot avoid the task of bringing up children, .......
A. they can be breadwinners as men	B. they have to work to feed their men
C. are the mainstay of their families	D. they have to amuse their men
Question 33: What women have done for the economic development have changed over time due to........
A. their role in the home	B. the different factors of the society
C. the Industrial Revolution	D. their marital status and their husbands
Read the following passage and mark the letter A, B, C, or D on your answer sheet to indicate the correct word for each of the numbered blanks.
 My first job was a sales assistant at a large department store. I wanted to work part-time, because I was
still studying at university and I was only able to work a few nights a week. I came across the advertisement in the local newspaper. I remember the interview as though it were yesterday. The ...(34)... manager sat behind a large desk. He asked me various questions which surprised me because all I wanted was to work in sales. An hours later, I was told that I had got the job and was given a contract to go over. I was to be trained for ten days before I took my post. Also, as a member of staff, I was ...(35)... to some benefits, including discounts.
 When I eventually started, I was responsible ...(36)... the toy section. I really enjoyed it there and I loved demonstrating the different toys. I was surprised at how friendly my colleagues were, too. They made
working there fun even when we had to deal with customers ...(37)... got on our nerves. ...(38)..., working there was a great experience which I will never forget.
 Question 34:A. personnel	B. personal	C. personage	D. personable
 Question 35:A. given	B. supplied	C. catered	D. entitled
 Question 36:A. in	B. with	C. for	D. to
 Question 37:A. when	B. why	C. which	D. who
 Question 38:A. Moreover	B. However	C. On the whole 	D. In contrast
Mark the letter A, B, C, or D on your answer sheet to indicate the correct answer to each of the following questions from.
Question 39: When the Titanic started sinking, the passengers were.......
A. panic-stricken	B. apprehensive	C. weather-beaten	D. horrifying
Question 40: This class,.....is a prerequisite for microbiology, is so difficult that I would rather drop it.
A. when	B. where	C. which	D. that
Question 41: Jack has a collection of........
A. valuable Japanese old postage stamps	B. old valuable Japanese postage stamps
C. old Japanese valuable postage stamps	D. valuable old Japanese postage stamps
Question 42: Kate didn’t enjoy the roller coaster ride because it was......experience of her life.
A. a most terrified	B. the most terrified	C. far more terrifying	D. the most terrifying
Question 43: By appearing on the soap powder commercials, she became a.......name.
A. house	B. housekeeper	C. housewife	D. household
Question 44: .......his poor English, he managed to communicate his problem very clearly.
A. Even though	B. Because	C. Because of	D. In spite of
Question 45: During the campaign when Lincoln was first a(n)......for the Presidency, the slaves on the far-off plantations, miles from any railroad or large city or daily newspaper, knew what the issues involved were.
A. contestant	B. candidate	C. applicant	D. competitor
Question 46: ~ Peter: "What........ your flight?" ~ Mary: "There was a big snowstorm in Birmingham that delayed a lot of flights."
A. hung up	B. delayed up	C. held up	D. postponed up
Question 47: I haven’t read any medical books or articles on the subject for a long time, so I’m.......with recent developments.
A. out of touch	B. out of the question	C. out of the condition	D. out of reach
Question 48: Everyone in both cars.......injured in the accident last night, ......?
A. were - were they	B. was - weren’t they	C. were - weren’t they	D. was - wasn’t he
Question 49: ~ Jenny: "Was Linda asleep when you came home?" ~ Jack: "No. She......TV."
A. was watching	B. has been watching	C. watched	D. had watched
Question 50: I assume that you are acquainted......this subject since you are responsible.......writing the accompanying materials.
A. to - to	B. with - for	C. to - for	D. with – with
The End
SỞ GIÁO DỤC ĐÀO TẠO BÀI THI HỌC KỲ II - NĂM HỌC 2017- 2018
 ĐỀ CHÍNH THỨC MÔN TIẾNG ANH ~ MÃ ĐỀ 002
 (Đề gồm có 04 trang) Thời gian: 60 phút - không kể thời gian phát đề
Mark the letter A, B, C, or D on your answer sheet to indicate the word whose underlined part differs from the other three in pronunciation in each of the following questions.
 Question 1:A. envelops	B. days	C. cities	D. areas
 Question 2:A. change	B. choice	C. champagne	D. channel
Mark the letter A, B, C or D on your answer sheet to indicate the word that differs from the other
three in the position of the primary stress in each of the following questions from.
 Question 3:A. industrial	B. ornamental	C. computer	D. courageous
 Question 4:A. identity	B. impressive	C. modernize	D. emotion
Mark the letter A, B, C or D on your answer sheet to indicate the sentence that is closest in meaning
to each of the following questions.
Question 5: "I’ll speak calmly. I really will!" he said.
A. He offered to speak calmly.	B. He promised to speak calmly.
C. He refused to speak calmly.	D. He reminded me to speak calmly.
Question 6: When I picked up my book I found that the cover had been torn.
A. Picked up, I saw that the cover of the book was torn.
B. Picking up my book, the cover had been torn.
C. On picking up the book, I saw that the cover had been torn.
D. The cover had been torn when my book picked up.
Question 7: We had no sooner got to know our neighbours than they moved away.
A. Once we had got used to our new neighbours, they moved somewhere else.
B. Hardly had we become acquainted with our new neighbours when they went somewhere else to live.
C. If our new neighbours had stayed longer, we would have got to know them better.
D. Soon after we got to know our new neighbours, we stopped having contact with them.
Mark the letter A, B, C, or D on your answer sheet to indicate the word or phrase that is CLOSEST in meaning to the underlined part in each of the following questions.
Question 8: My parents’ warnings didn’t deter me from choosing the job of my dreams.
A. discourage	B. influence	C. inspire	D. reassure
Question 9: The way the care-taker treated those little children was deplorable. She must be punished for what she did.
A. mischievous	B. unacceptable	C. respectable	D. satisfactory
Mark the letter A, B, C, or D on your answer sheet to indicate the correct answer to each of the following questions from.
Question 10: .......his poor English, he managed to communicate his problem very clearly.
A. Even though	B. Because	C. Because of	D. In spite of
Question 11: By appearing on the soap powder commercials, she became a.......name.
A. house	B. housekeeper	C. household	D. housewife
Question 12: ~ Jenny: "Was Linda asleep when you came home?" ~ Jack: "No. She......TV."
A. had watched	B. has been watching	C. watched	D. was watching
Question 13: ~ Peter: "What........ your flight?" ~ Mary: "There was a big snowstorm in Birmingham that delayed a lot of flights."
A. held up	B. postponed up	C. hung up	D. delayed up
Question 14: This class,.....is a prerequisite for microbiology, is so difficult that I would rather drop it.
A. that	B. when	C. which	D. where
Question 15: When the Titanic started sinking, the passengers were.......
A. panic-stricken	B. weather-beaten	C. apprehensive	D. horrifying
Question 16: I haven’t read any medical books or articles on the subject for a long time, so I’m.......with recent developments.
A. out of reach	B. out of the condition	C. out of touch	D. out of the question
Question 17: During the campaign when Lincoln was first a(n)......for the Presidency, the slaves on the far-off plantations, miles from any railroad or large city or daily newspaper, knew what the issues involved were.
A. competitor	B. applicant	C. candidate	D. contestant
Question 18: Jack has a collection of........
A. valuable old Japanese postage stamps	B. old valuable Japanese postage stamps
C. valuable Japanese old postage stamps	D. old Japanese valuable postage stamps
Question 19: Everyone in both cars.......injured in the accident last night, ......?
A. were - weren’t they	B. was - wasn’t he	C. were - were they	D. was - weren’t they
Question 20: I assume that you are acquainted......this subject since you are responsible.......writing the accompanying materials.
A. to - to	B. with - with	C. to - for	D. with - for
Question 21: Kate didn’t enjoy the roller coaster ride because it was......experience of her life.
A. the most terrified	B. the most terrifying	C. far more terrifying	D. a most terrified
Mark the letter A, B, C or D on your answer sheet to indicate the word or phrase that is OPPOSITE in meaning to the underlined part in each of the following questions.
Question 22: For most male spiders courtship is a perilous procedure, for they may be eaten by females.
A. dangerous	B. peculiar	C. safe	D. complicated
Question 23: A chronic lack of sleep may make us irritable and reduces our motivation to work.
A. uncomfortable	B. miserable	C. responsive	D. calm
Read the following passage and mark the letter A, B, C or D on your answer sheet to indicate the correct answer to each of the questions from.
 Duncan Phyfe made some of the most beautiful furniture found in America. His family name was originally Fife, and he was born in Scotland in 1768. In 1784, the Fife family immigrated to Albany, New York where Duncan’s father opened a cabinetmaking shop. Duncan followed his father’s footsteps and was apprenticed to a cabinetmaker. After completing his training, Duncan moved to New York City.
 Duncan Fife was first mentioned in the 1792 NYC Directory as a furniture "joiner" in business at 2 Broad Street. Two years later, he moved, expanded his business, and changed his name to Phyfe. He was aquiet-living, God-fearing young man who felt his new name would probably appeal to potential customers who were definitely anti-British in this post-Revolutionary War period. Duncan Phyfe’s name distinguished him from his contemporaries. Although the new spelling helped him better compete with French emigrant craftsmen, his new name had more to do with hanging it on a sign over his door stoop.
 The artisans and merchants who came to America discovered a unique kind of freedom. They were no longer restricted by class and guild traditions of Europe. For the first time in history, a man learned that by working hard, he could build his business based on his own name and reputation and quality of work.
 Phyfe’s workshop apparently took off immediately. At the peak of his success, Phyfe employed 100 craftsmen. Some economic historians point to Phyfe as having employed division of labour and an assembly line. What his workshop produced shows Phyfe’s absolute dedication to quality in workmanship. Each piece of furniture was made of the best available materials. He was reported to have paid $1,000 for a single Santo Domingo mahogany log.
 Phyfe did not create new designs. Rather, he borrowed from a broad range of the period’s classical styles, Empire, Sheraton, Regency, and French Classical among them. Nevertheless, Phyfe’s high quality craftsmanship established him as America’s patriotic interpreter of European design in the late eighteenth and early nineteenth centuries.
 Although the number of pieces produced by Duncan Phyfe’s workshop is enormous, comparatively few marked or labeled pieces have been found extant. In antiques shops and auctions, collectors have paid $11,000 for a card table, $24,200 for a tea table, and $93,500 for a sewing table.
Question 24: Which choice does the word "it" in paragraph 3 refer to?
A. His name	B. His chair	C. His French	D. His spelling
Question 25: Which choice is closest in meaning to the word "guild" in paragraph 4?
A. Verdict of a jury	B. Immigrants’ club
C. Organization of craftsmen	D. Political party of emigrants
Question 26: Based on the information in the passage, what can be inferred about Duncan Phyfe’s death?
A. He died in the eighteenth century.	B. He died in the nineteenth century.
C. He died in Albany.	D. He died in Scotland.
Question 27: The author implies that.......
A. furniture from Duncan Phyfe’s workshop costs a lot of money today.
B. furniture from Duncan Phyfe’s workshop was ignored by New Yorkers.
C. furniture from Duncan Phyfe’s workshop was made by his father.
D. furniture from Duncan Phyfe’s workshop no longer exists.
Question 28: What is the main idea of the passage?
A. Duncan Phyfe’s cabinetmaking designs.	B. Duncan Phyfe’s life and career.
C. The significance of Duncan Phyfe’s name.	D. The business of cabinetmaking.
Question 29: In his business, Duncan Phyfe used all of the following EXCEPT.......
A. division of labour	B. the least expensive materials
C. an assembly line	D. continental designs
Question 30: According to the passage, which of the following does the author imply?
A. Duncan Fife worked for his father in Scotland.
B. Duncan Fife and his father had the same first name.
C. Duncan Phyfe made over 100 different kinds of tables.
D. Duncan Fife and his father were in the same business.
Read the following passage and mark the letter A, B, C, or D on your answer sheet to indicate the correct answer to each of the following questions.
 The work of women has been economically vital since prehistory, although their contributions have varied according to the structure, needs, customs, and attitudes of society.
 In prehistoric times, women and men participated almost equally in hunting and gathering activities to obtain food. With the development of agricultural communities, women’s work revolved more around the home. As urban centres developed, women sold or traded goods in the marketplace.
 From ancient to modern times, four generalizations can be made about women's paid work. Women have worked because of economic necessity; poor women in particular worked outside the home whether they were unmarried or married, and especially if their husbands were unable to sustain the family solely through their own work. Women’s indentured work has often been similar to their work at home. Women have maintained the primary responsibility for raising children, regardless of their paid work. Women have historically been paid less than men and have been allocated lower-status work
 Some major changes are now occurring in industrial nations, including the steadily increasing proportion of women in the labor force; decreasing family responsibilities (due to both smaller family size and technological innovation in the home); higher levels of education for women; and more middle and upper-income women working for pay or for job satisfaction. Statistically, they have not yet achieved parity of pay or senior appointments in the workplace in any nation.
 Artisans working in their own homes not infrequently used the labor of their families. This custom was so prevalent during the Middle Ages, craft guilds of the period, including some that otherwise excluded women, often admitted to membership the widows of guild members, providing they met professional requirements. Dressmaking and lacemaking guilds were composed exclusively of women.
 Gradually, the guilds were replaced by the putting-out system, whereby tools and materials were distributed to workers by merchants; the workers then produced articles on a piecework basis in their homes. During the 18th and early 19th centuries, as the Industrial Revolution developed, the putting-out system slowly declined. Goods that had been produced by hand in the home were manufactured by machine under the factory system. Women competed more with men for some jobs, but were concentrated primarily in textile mills and clothing factories. Manufacturers often favored women employees because of relevant skills and lower wages, and also because early trade union organization tended to occur first among men.
 Employees in sweatshops were also preponderantly women. The result was to institutionaliz