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JACK LONDON
Jack London (1876 – 1916) is an American writer whose work combined powerful realism and humanitarian sentiment. He was (16) ........ in San Francisco. After finishing grammar (17) ..........., Jack London worked at various jobs and in 1897 and 1898 he participated (18)........... the Alaska Gold Rush. Upon his return to the San Francisco area, he began to (19) ............ about his experiences. A collection of his short stories, The Son of the Golf, was (20) ............ in 1900. Jack’s colourful life, during which he wrote more than 50 books and which included enormous popular successes as an (21) .........., ended in his suicide at the (22) ........... of 40.
Many of his stories including his masterpiece The Call of the Wild deal with the reversion of a civilized creature to the primitive state. Jack London’s style – brutal, vivid and exciting – (23) ........... him enormously popular outside the United States; His (24) ........ were translated into many languages. Jack’s important works include People of the Abyss about the poor in London; the Sea Wolf, a novel based on the author’s experiences on a seal hunting ship; John Barleycorn , an autobiographical novel about Jack’s struggle (25)............. alcoholism.
1: A. grown	B. born	C. developed	D. lived
2: A. lessons	B. course	C. notes	D. school
3: A. in	B. to	C. at	D. of
4: A. speak	B. read	C. talk	D. write
5: A. printed	B. ordered	C. sold	D. published
6: A. architect	B. author	C. actor	D. orator
7: A. moment	B. age	C. time	D. year
8: A. gave	B. let	C. made	D. did
9: A. speeches	B. sayings	C. words	D. works
10: A. to	B. for	C. against	D. of
WATER
There’s much more water than land on the (31) ___ of the earth. The seas and oceans cover nearly (32) ___ of the whole world, and only one-fifth of (33) ___ land. If you traveled over the earth in different directions, you would have to spend (34) ___ more of your time (35) ___ on water that on roads or railways. We sometimes forget that for every mile of land (36) ___ four miles of water.
There’s so much water in the surface of our earth that we (37) ___ to use two words to describe. We use the word SEAS (38) ___ those parts of water surface which (39) ___ only few hundreds of mile, the word OCEANS to describe the huge area of water (40) ___ are thousands of miles wide and very deep.
1. A. cover	B. surface	C. outer	D. outside
2. A. four-fives	B. four-fifth	C. four fifths	D. fourth-fifths
3. A. it is	B. it’s	C. its	D. them are
4. A. many	B. much	C. few	D. too
5. A. to move	B. move	C. moved	D. moving
6. A. there are	B. there is	C. there has	D. have
7. A. must	B. should	C. have	D. would
8. A. describing	B. describes	C. describe	D. to describe
9. A. is	B. are	C. has	D. will be
10. A. that’s	B. which	C. where	D. whose
A VISIT TO LONDON
Jane’s family decided to go to London last week because they want to __(1)__ a tour. The sight in London was so __(2)__ that she’s been there a few days but it __(3)__ to her only to be yesterday. It means __(4)__ she enjoyed the trip so much. She and her father stayed __(5)__ a very big hotel __(6)__ two hundred rooms. From there, they can __(7)__ reach Hyde Park, __(8)__ very big park in London. In here, people can buy from a needle __(9)__ an elephant in two best__(10)__ streets, Regent Street and Oxford Street.
A. do	B. make	C. work	D. have
A. interest	B. interesting	C. interested	D. interestingly
A. makes	B. thinks	C. does	D. seems
A. that	B. is that	C. that is	D. that was
A. for	B. on	C. in	D. to
A. have	B. has	C. with	D. to with
A. easiness	B. easily	C. easy	D. uneasy
A. the	B. a which	C. is a	D. a
A. with	B. and	C. or	D. to
A. shopping 	B. selling	C. trading	D. shop
ISAAC NEWTON
Isaac Newton, one of the __(1)__ scientists, was born __(2)__ December 25th, 1642 in a small village __(3)__ Wool Thorpe in England. His father was a poor __(4)__. When the boy was fourteen, his father died. Newton __(5)__ school and helped his mother on the farm. __(6)__ he was fun __(7)__ physics and mathematics, Newton was sent to school. __(8)__ he left high school, Newton studied at Cambridge University. In 1667 he became __(9)__ professor on mathematics at the university. His greatest discovery is the __(10)__ of gravitation. He died in 1727.
A. great	B. greatest	C. most great	D. greater
A. in	B. on	C. at	D. a and b
A. in	B. at	C. on	D. of
A. farmer	B. apprentice	C. bookbinder	D. blacksmith
A. went	B. sent	C. left	D. run
A. So	B. So that	C. Because	D. Because of
A. in	B. of	C. at	D. about
A. For	B. While	C. Before	D. After
A. an	B. one	C. a	D. the
A. law	B. invention	C. foundation	D. operation
NANCY LEE JOHNSON
Nancy Lee Johnson was a __(1)__ girl. She was smart, pretty and __(2)__ in well with the life of her school. One Thursday afternoon, Miss O’Shay, the vice-principal, __(3)__ Nancy that the girl’s pictures had won the Artist Club __(4)__. Nancy was very happy at the news. She __(5)__ have danced al the way home through the rain.
But the __(6)__ didn’t let Nancy get the scholarship __(7)__ because they found that she was a __(8)__ student and they said that the __(9)__ of the coloured student in the local art school might __(10)__ difficulties for all concerned. 
A. colour	B. coloured	C. colouful	D. colourless
A. fit	B. fitted	C. fix	D. interested
A. asked	B. spoke	C. said	D. told
A. scholar	B. committee	C. punishment	D. scholarship
A. can	B. may	C. must	D. might
A. jury	B. committee	C. statesman	D. champion
A. just	B. right	C. one	D. yet
A. black	B. Negro	C. colour	D. white
A. attend	B. attendance	C. present	D. presence
A. give	B. form	C. create	D. drawl
SEAN O’CASEY
	Sean O’Casey was a famous Irish __(1)__. Born __(2)__ a poor worker’s family, he had known, __(3)__ his childhood, hunger, poverty and ill-health. He deeply __(4)__ the unjust laws and the police __(5)__ of the British in his home country. When __(6)__ up, he worked first as a labourer, and __(7)__ joined the Irish Citizen Army, __(8)__ Irish nationalist organization, to fight __(9)__ independence __(10)__ great Britain. 
A. writer	B. reader	C. player	D. actor
A. on	B. at	C. in	D. from
A. from	B. to	C. since	D. for
A. recalled	B. remembered	C. thought	D. felt
A. defence	B. rule	C. fight	D. struggle
A. grown	B. grew	C. grow	D. growing
A. but	B. later	C. an	D. one
A. against	B. an	C. for	D. to
A. from	B. to	C. of	D. for
OSEOLA MCCARTY
As a young girl, Oseola McCarty dreamed of becoming a nurse. However, her family duty stood as a(n) ________ (41) to educational goals. McCarty left school after completing the sixth. Since her family was one of washerwomen, McCarty followed ________ (42) their footsteps. She ________ (43) other people's clothes for over seventy years. 
Due to good work and saving habits, McCarty, a washerwoman, ________ (44) a great deal of money. She made a ________ (45) of $150,000 - a large portion of her life savings - to the University of Southern Mississippi to help needy students. She was 88 years old and had never married. She did not have any children. She did not own a car. From this simple and ________ (46) life, she was able to impress the world with a significant ________ (47) act.
Though she was unable to complete her own education, it was her ________ (48) that her gift would make ________ (49) possible for many others in ________ (50) need to do so. Now, with McCarty's support, specifically African American students have an opportunity to fulfill their dreams of a college education.
1. 	A. solution	B. problem	C. obstacle 	D. difficulty 
2	A. with 	B. in 	C. on 	D. along 
3. 	A. cleaned	B. made	C. cleared	D. did
4. 	A. accomplished	B. loaned	C. paid	D. accumulated
5.	A. money	B. donation 	C. profit	D. living
6. 	A. frugal 	B. mean 	C. generous 	D. selfish
7. 	A. helpful 	B. charitable 	C. useful 	D. remarkable
8. 	A. generosity	B. experience	C. responsibility	D. intention 
9. 	A. it 	B. them 	C. her 	D. us
10. 	A. economical	B. financial	C. healthy 	D. fashionable
ARE MEN LAZY
Men are lazy in the home, according to an official survey (41)_______ today. They have about six hours’ a week more free time than wives, but play very little (42) _______ in cooking, cleaning, washing, and ironing, according to the Social Trends Survey by the Central (43) _______ Office.
	Nearly three quarters of married women (44) _______ to do all or most of the housework, and among married men the proportion who admitted that their wives did all or most of the housework was only slightly lower. 
	The survey (45) _______ that washing and ironing was the least popular task among men, with only one per cent (46) _______ this duty, compared with 89 per cent of women, and 10 per cent sharing equally.
	Only 5 per cent of men (47) _______ the evening meal, 3 per cent carry out household cleaning duties, 5 per cent household shopping, and 17 per cent wash the evening dishes.
	But when household gadgets break down, (48) _______ are carried out by 82 per cent of husbands. The survey says that, despite our economic problems, the majority of Britons are substantially better (49) _______ than a decade ago. We’re healthier, too – eating healthier foods and smoking less.
	The (50) _______ Briton, not surprisingly, is more widely traveled than a decade ago. More people are going abroad for holidays, with Spain the favorite destination.
1.	A. emerged	B. edited	C. published	D. furnished
2.	A. role	B. section	C. work	D. part
3.	A. Numerical	B. Ordinal	C. Cardinal	D. Statistical
4.	A. pronounced	B. uttered	C. claimed	D. emitted
5.	A. pointed	B. evolved	C. planned	D. showed
6.	A. forming	B. formulating	C. performing	D. burdening
7.	A. prepare	B. process	C. undertake	D. fit
8.	A. repairs	B. fixings	C. fittings	D. amendments
9.	A. over	B. off	C. through	D. on
10.	A. medium	B. average	C. popular	D. normal
CONCORDE
CONCORDE, the world’s fastest and most graceful (41)______ plane, will soon be 25 years old. It first flew on 2 March 1969, from Toulouse in France.
	Concorde was developed by both France and Britain. From 1956 these two countries had a (42) ______ of a supersonic passenger plane. In 1962 they started to work together on the (43)______. The plane cost over £1.5 billion to develop. It is the most (44) ______ plane in the history of (45)______. It was given over 5,000 hours of testing.
	Concorde flies at twice the speed of sound. This means that it takes only 3 hours 25 minutes to fly between London and New York, compared with 7 – 8 hours in other passenger jets. Because of the five-hour time (46)______ between the USA and Britain, it is possible to travel west on Concorde and arrive in New York before you leave London! You can (47)______ the 10.30 am flight from London, Heathrow and start work in New York an hour earlier!
	Concorde is much used by business people and film stars. But its oldest passenger was Mrs. Ethel Lee from Leicestershire in England. She was 99 years old when she (48)______ from Heathrow on 24 February 1985.
	Each Concorde is built at a (49)______ of £55 million. Twenty have been built so far. Air France and British Airways (50)______ the most. They each have seven planes.
1.	A. transportation 	B. carriage	C. conveyance	D. passenger
2.	A. expectation	B. dream	C. hope	D. imagination
3.	A. project	B. plot	C. structure	D. development
4.	A. tested	B. tried	C. investigated	D. experimented
5.	A. flight	B. aviation	C. space	D. locomotion
6.	A. separation	B. division	C. expansion	D. difference
7.	A. run	B. transport	C. catch	D. register
8.	A. blasted	B. launched off	C. took off	D. flew off
9.	A. cost	B. price	C. expense	D. expenditure
10.	A. own	B. mortgage	C. hire	D. master
CHARLIE CHAPLIN
The person I am going to write about is Charlie Chaplin. He has always been one of 
my favorite actors and I really (41)_____ his films.
	Charlie was born in London in 1889. Both his parents were music hall performers. His father was a drunkard and his mother later (42)______ mad. Life was hard and Charlie and his half brother, Sidney, were sent to a(n) (43)______ for a time.
	He first appeared on the stage when he was seven and by the time he was ten he was a regular performer. When he was 17, he went on a tour of the USA where he was (44) _______ and given a part in a Hollywood film. His early films were not particularly successful but in 1915 he made his (45) _______, “The Tramp”, in which he first appeared in the baggy trousers and with the hat and cane. Soon he had had his own (46)_______ built and was making his own films which included “The Gold Rush”, “Modern Times” and “The Great Dictator”.
	In the 1940s his reputation in the USA started to (47) _______. Silent films were no longer so popular. Chaplin went to Europe but was not allowed to return to the USA because he was (48) _______ of being a communist. The authorities finally let him back in 1972 and he was (49)_______ an Oscar, but by this time he had made Switzerland his home.
	Chaplin did not have a very happy personal life and was married four times. He only found happiness with his fourth marriage in 1943. When he died on Christmas Day 1977, the world had lost one of the greatest (50) _______ comedians.
1. 	A. admire	B. admit	C. claim	D. encourage
2. 	A. ended	B. went	C. came	D. began
3. 	A. orphanage	B. institution	C. shelter	D. lodging
4.	A. spotted	B. elected	C. set	D. drafted
5.	A. achievement	B. completion	C. fiction	D. masterpiece
6.	A. factory	B. workshop	C. studio	D. stage
7. 	A. slide	B. split	C. decline	D. discredit
8. A. suspected	B. doubted	C. considered	D. abused
9. A. prized	B. awarded	C. delivered	D. rewarded
10. A. ever	B. before	C. previously	D. present
DROUGHT IN THE UNITED STATES
The Southwestern States of the United States suffered one of the worst droughts in their history from 1931 to 1938. The drought (41) ______ the entire country. Few food crops could be grown. Food became (42)______, and prices went up (43) ______ the nation. Hundreds of families in the Dust Bowl region had to be moved to farms in other areas with the help of the federal government. In 1944, drought brought great damage to (44)______ all Latin America. The drought moved to Australia and then to Europe, (45)______ it continued throughout the summer of 1945. From 1950 to 1954 in the 
United States, the South and Southwest suffered a (46)______ drought. Hundreds of cattle ranchers had to ship their cattle to other regions because (47)______ lands had no grass. The federal government again (48)______ an emergency drought-relief program. It offered farmers (49)______ credit and seed grains (50)______ low prices.
1. 	A. pushed	B. incurred	C. occurred	D. affected
2.	A. scarce	B. mystified	C. hidden	D. uncommon
3.	A. over	B. throughout	C. all	D. across
4.	A. near	B. totally	C. almost	D. factually
5.	A. which	B. that	C. where	D. when
6.	A. heavy	B. sharp	C. strict	D. severe
7.	A. pasture	B. culture	C. moisture	D. manure
8.	A. carried	B. conducted	C. convened	D. conformed
9.	A. emergency	B. crisis	C. tension	D. disaster
10. 	A. to	B. in	C. over	D. at
DRUGS
Drugs are one of the (56) ________ profession’s most valuable tools. Doctors prescribe drugs to (57) ________ or prevent many diseases. Every year, penicillin and other (58) ________ drugs save the lives of countless victims of pneumonia and other dangerous infectious diseases. Vaccines prevent attacks by such diseases as (59) ________, polio, and smallpox. The use of these and many other drugs (60) ________ helped millions of people live longer, healthier lives than would (61) ________ have been possible.
Almost all our most important drugs, however, were unknown before the 1900’s. For example, the sulfa drugs and antibiotics did not come into use (62) ________ the late 1930’s and early 1940’s. Before that time, about 25 percent of all pneumonia victims in the United States died of the disease. The new drugs quickly reduced the (63) ________ rate from pneumonia to less than 5 percent. Polio vaccine was introduced in 1955. At that time, polio struck about 30,000 to 50,000 Americans each year. (64)________ 1960, the use of the vaccine has reduced the number of new polio cases to about 3,000 a year. In 1900, most Americans did not live (65) ________ the age of 47. Today, Americans live an average of more than 70 years, in great part because of the use of modern drugs.
56.	A. medical	B. medicine	C. health	D. medic
57. 	A. solve	B. settle	C. ruin	D. treat
58. 	A. germ-killing	B. helping	C. saving	D. rescuing
59. 	A. AIDS	B. measles	C. influenza	D. hiccups
60. 	A. would have	B. have	C. has	D. did
61. 	A. only	B. even	C. also	D. otherwise
62. 	A. until	B. to	C. onto	D. upon
63. 	A. end	B. ruin	C. death	D. termination
64. 	A. About	B. By	C. To	D. Prior
65. 	A. past	B. passing	C. well	D. through
	Ever since humans have inhabited the earth, they have made (41) _______ of various forms of communication. Generally, this expression of thoughts and feelings has been in the form of oral (42)______. When there is a language (43)______, communication is accomplished through sign language in which motions (44) ______ for letters, words, and ideas. Tourists, the deaf, and the mute have had to (45) ______ to this form of expression. Many of these symbols of whole words are very picturesque and exact and can be used internationally; spelling, however, cannot.
	Body language (46) ______ ideas or thoughts by certain actions, either intentionally or unintentionally. A wink can be a way of flirting or indicating that the party is only joking. A nod (47) ______ approval, while shaking the head (48) ______ a negative reaction.
	Other form of nonlinguistic language can be (49) ______ in Braille (a system of raised dots read with the fingertips), signal flags, Morse code, and smoke signals. Road maps and picture signs also guide, warn, and instruct people.
	(50) ______ verbalization is the most common form of language, other systems and techniques also express human thoughts and feelings.
41.	A. usage	B. use	C. employment	D. utility
42.	A. address	B. speech	C. utterances	D. claims
43.	A. barrier	B. obstacles	C. divisions	D. separation
44.	A. point	B. signify	C. imply	D. stand
45.	A. refer	B. rotate	C. resort	D. revolve
46. 	A. progresses	B. transmits	C. remits	D. emits
47.	A. signifies	B. signs	C. registers	D. presents
48.	A. predicates	B. indicates	C. abdicates	D. implicates
49.	A. traced	B. trailed	C. found	D. explored
50.	A. While	B. As	C. Because	D. Until
The Great Pyramid of Giza, a monument of wisdom and prophecy, was built as a tomb for Pharaoh Cheops in 2720 B.C. (41)________ its antiquity, certain (42)________ of its construction make it one of the truly great wonders of the world. The four sides of the pyramid are (43)________ almost on exactly true north, south, east and west – an incredible engineering feat. The ancient Egyptians were sun worshippers and great astronomers, so computations for the Great Pyramid were (44)________ on astronomical observations.
Explorations and detailed examinations on the base of the structure (45)________ many intersecting lines. Further scientific (46)________ indicates that these (47)________ a type of time line of events – past, present, and future. Many of the events have been interpreted and found to (48)________ with known facts of the past. Others are prophesied for future generations and are presently under (49)________.
Was this superstructure made by ordinary beings, or (50)________ built by a race far superior to any known today?
41. 	A. Though	B. In spite	C. By	D. Despite
42. 	A. tenets	B. relics	C. aspects	D. properties
43. 	A. lined	B. aligned	C. assigned	D. fathomed
44. 	A. set	B. based	C. fitted	D. founded
45. 	A. reveal	B. testify	C. impose	D. reset
46. 	A. volume	B. trial	C. study	D. text
47. 	A. front	B. represent	C. repose	D. forward
48. 	A. tangle	B. consort	C. resort	D. coincide
49. 	A. inspection B. introduction C. recommendation	D. investigation
50. 	A. that	B. which	C. such	D. one
Most ghost stories are (41)________ in mysterious, old houses or castles. The ghosts themselves whose (42)________ wander the earth at night, are usually the victims of some horrible crimes. This is not always the case as the following story (43)________.
	When my friend, Paul, was a schoolboy, he often used to chat to Mr. Scott, an elderly gentlemen living on his own. Mr. Scott was a keen gardener. He would always be looking after his lawn or his flowers and Paul was (44)________ the habit of saying a few words to him over the fence.
One summer’s evening, as Paul was on his way home from school, he saw, as (45)________, Mr. Scott in his garden. The old man was busily weeding his flowerbeds. When he saw Paul, he invited him into the garden with a (46)________ of his hand. Slowly, they strolled all around, admiring the various flowers. Then, to Paul’s surprise, Mr. Scott bent down and picked a (47)________ of his finest dahlias. ‘Here boy,’ he said. ‘Give these to your mother.’
No sooner had he arrived home than he (48)________ the flowers to his mother. He then told her that they were with Mr. Scott’s compliments. His mother’s face went red with anger. ‘You wicked boy!’ she shouted. ‘How (49)________you say such a thing! I (50)________ into his daughter in the supermarket this morning. She told me that the poor old chap had passed away in his sleep last Friday.’
41.	A. set	B. put	C. fixed	D. programmed
42.	A. bodies	B. minds	C. spirits	D. phantoms
43.	A. points	B. indicates	C. states	D. shows
A. on	B. in	C. within	D. with
A. frequent	B. common	C. often	D. usual
46. 	A. rise	B. spread	C. wave	D. shake
47.	A. carton	B. bunch	C. roll	D. packet
48.	A. submitted	B. turned	C. presented	D. demonstrated
49.	A. should	B. dare	C. would	D. wrong
A. bumped	B. struck	C. rushed	D. knocked 
(41)________ of the garbage we produce every day is a major problem in cities around the world. In the United States, over 160 million tons of garbage are produced every year. Ten percent is recycled, ten percent is burned, and the rest is put in landfills. But finding (42)________ for new landfills is becoming more difficult.
A city that has solved this problem in an unusual way is Machida, in Tokyo, Japan. They have developed a totally new (43)________ to garbage disposal. The (44)________ to the operation is public cooperation. Families must divide their garbage into six categories:
Garbage that can be easily burned (that is, combustible garbage), such as kitchen and garden trash.
Noncombustible garbage, such as small electrical appliances, plastic tools and plastic toys.
Products that are poisonous or that (45)________ pollution, such as batteries and fluorescent lights.
Bottles and glass containers that can be recycled.
Metal containers that can be recycled.
Large item, such as furniture and bicycles.
The items in categories 1 to 5 are collected (46)________ different days. (Large items are collected upon request). Then the garbage is taken to a center that looks like a clean new office building or hospital. Inside the center, special equipment is used to sort and (47)________ the garbage. Almost everything can be reused: garden or kitchen trash becomes fertilizer; combustible garbage is burned to (48)________ electricity; metal containers and bottles are recycled; and old furniture, clothing, and other useful items are cleaned, repaired, and resold cheaply or given away. The work provides (49)________ for handicapped persons and gives them a (50)________ to learn new skills.
Nowadays, officials from cities around the world visit Machida to see whether they can use some of these ideas and techniques to solve their own garbage disposal problems.
41. A. Disposing 	B. Dealing C. Contriving	D. Ridding
A. land	B. soil	C. earth	D. position
A. method	B. process	C. technique	D. approach
A. answer	B. solution	C. key	D. way
A. produce	B. generate	C. originate	D. cause
A. on	B. in	C. by	D. over
A. process	B. create	C. manipulate	D. mould
A. cause	B. exit	C. produce	D. emit
A. positions	B. careers	C. situation	D. employment
A. time	B. moment	C. occasion	D. chance
ANGER ON THE ROADS
The anger that descends on people when they get behind the steering wheel of a car used to be (41)________ as a joke. But the laughter is getting noticeably quieter (42)________ that the problem has become increasingly widespread.
Stuck in a traffic jam, with family cars inching their (43)________ past, the driver of a fast sports car begin to lose his temper. (44)________ the capabilities of his car, there is nothing he can do. The outcome is anger.
Many people live in (45)________ of losing control. This is true of many situations but driving is a good example. People think that the car might not start, it might break (46)________ or, someone might run into it. Before anything even happens, people have worked themselves up into a (47)________of anxiety. And when something does happen, they are (48)________ to explode. In fact, it’s their anxiety about losing control that makes them lose control.
This isn’t to say that all offenders have psychological problems or drive powerful sports cars. In fact, most of them are (49)________ ordinary human beings who have no history of violence. There is (50)________ something deep in our nature that awakens when we start up a car engine.
A. found	B. thought	C. treated	D. intended
A. once	B. even	C. since	D. now
A. path	B. way	C. course	D. route
A. However	B. Besides	C. Although 	D. Despite
A. worry	B. fright	C. fear	D. concern
A. up	B. down	C. out	D. off
A. state	B. condition	C. feeling	D. case
A. good	B. prepared	C. near	D. ready
A. purely	B. fully	C. exactly	D. perfectly
A. openly	B. directly	C. clearly	D. frankly
Reading and gap fill
great themes avoided happy civil works win influenced movement wealthy dressed helped
LEO TOLSTOY
 Leo Tolstoy was a famous Russian writer of the nineteenth century. He lived between 1828 and 1910. He wrote many novels. Two of his famous (1) _________ are “ War and Peace” and “Anna Karenina”. Tolstoy was born into a (2) _________ family. However, he was not (3) ___________ that others were poor. He did not like living in the rich life when others did not have food or money. In fact, Tolstoy often (4) ________ like a peasant. He wanted the simple life. 
 In his novels, Tolstoy wrote about many things, but one of his most important (5) __________ was nonviolence. His ideas about nonviolence (6) _____________ two other famoys leaders: Mahatma Gandhi and Martin Luther King. In fact, Tolstoy and Gandhi wrote letters to each other when Gandhi was in South Africa. Tolstoy’s ideas (7) ___________ Gandhi to use nonviolence.
 Martin luther Jing , the American (8)____________ right leader, also believed in nonviolence. In his demontrations during 1960s, he always (9) ________ violence. He helped to (10) __________ more right for Blacks.
 Thus, Leo Tolstoy, the (11) _______ Russian writer of the nineteenth centery, greadly influenced two other great leaders of peace (12) ______________ . 
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Industrial robots
 One step beyond automated machines is the industrial robot, the heart and brain of which is the (1) _________ . (2) _________ most automated machines, industrial robot can be programmed to do a (3) __________ of tasks that are usually accomplished by human (4) ___________ workers. Like their human (5) ________ , industrial robots can be switched from one job to another and can be programmed to (6) __________ new tasks. Thus far, robots have found their greatest use in assembling (7) __________ . However, they are swiftly branching from basic assembly.(8) __________ to construction and mining, and their most (9) _________ use of all, the exploration of oceans and outer (10) ____________ .
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The development of television
 Television was not really invented. Many scientists invented or (1) __________ parts of the systems that have become the television systems we know now. Radio, of course, was necessary before television could be (2) __________ , because the television uses the same principles of electromagnetic waves that radio does. As soon as radio became possible, the possibility of television(3) _________ was also known, but it took many years for it to become (4) ____________ .
 British and American scientists helped to develop the (5) ___________ ideas that made television (6) ___________ , but it was a Russian who made th first practical television system. By 1923, Vladimir Zworykin , a Russian, had invented a camera tub that could turn pictures into electric (7) ___________ . By 1929, Zworykin had built a television system that work.
 By 1935, (8) ____________ television broadcasts were begun in Germany. the first broadcasts in the United States began in 1939, but television did not really become (9) ___________ until later the Second World War. Between 1945 and 1955 there were rapid (10) ___________ in the practical use of television.
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 All early television was broadcast in black and white. Color television was possible, but it was too (1) ___________ and of very (2) _________ quality (3) __________ the middle of the 1950s. Color television broadcasts began in the United States in 1954, in Japan in 1960 and in Europe in 1967.
 The first (4) ____________ on the moon was broadcast (5) ______________ on television in 1969, and now television programs are (6) ____________ all over the world immediately through the (7) ______________ of satellites that transmit the (8) from the earth, through the(9)___________, and back to the earth.
 More people now get their news and information through television tha